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By Steffen Thoelert, Johann Furthner, and Michael Meurer Future positioning and navigation applications of modernizing and newly established GNSSs will require a higher degree of signal accuracy and precision. Thus, rigorous and detailed analysis of the signal quality of recently launched satellites, including the discovery of any possible imperfections in their performance, will have important implications for future users. Global navigation satellite systems achieved amazing progress in 2012, with major milestones reached by the various navigation and augmentation systems, bringing new satellites and satellite generations into orbit. Since the complexity of the satellites and also the requirements for a precise and robust navigation increase consistently, all of the newly available signals of the existing or emerging navigation satellite systems must be analyzed in detail to characterize their performance and imperfections, as well as to predict possible consequences for user receivers. Since the signals are well below the noise floor, we use a specifically developed GNSS monitoring facility to characterize the signals. The core element of this monitoring facility is a 30-meter high-gain antenna at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Weilheim that raises GNSS signals well above the noise floor, permitting detailed analysis. In the course of this analysis, we found differences in the signal quality in the various generations of the Chinese navigation satellite system BeiDou, differences which influence the navigation performance. This article gives an overview of new navigation satellites in orbit. For selected satellites, a first signal analysis reveals important characteristics of these signals. The data acquisition of these space vehicles was performed shortly after the start of their signal transmission to get a first hint about the quality and behavior of the satellites. For more detailed analysis, these measurements should be repeated after the satellites become operational. Then the acquired high-gain antenna raw data in combination with a precise calibration could be used for a wider range of analyses: signal power, spectra, constellation diagrams, sample analysis, correlation functions, and codes to detect anomalies and assess the signal quality and consequently the impact at the user performance. Measurement Facility In the early 1970s, DLR built a 30-meter dish (Figure 1) for the HELIOS-A/B satellite mission at the DLR site Weilheim. These satellite missions were the first U.S./German interplanetary project. The two German-built space probes, HELIOS 1 (December 1974–March 1986) and HELIOS 2 (January 1976–January 1981), approached the Sun closer than the planet Mercury and closer than any space probe ever. Later, the antenna supported space missions Giotto, AMPTE, Equator-S, and other scientific experiments. Figure 1. 30-meter high-gain antenna. In 2005, the Institute of Communications and Navigation of the DLR established an independent monitoring station for analysis of GNSS signals. The 30-meter antenna was adapted with a newly developed broadband circular polarized feed. During preparation for the GIOVE-B in-orbit validation campaign in 2008, a new receiving chain including a new calibration system was installed at the antenna. Based on successful campaigns and new satellite of modernizing GPS and GLONASS, and GNSSs under construction — Galileo and COMPASS — the facility was renewed and updated again in 2011/2012. This renewal included not only an upgrade of the measurement system itself, but also refurbishment of parts of the high-gain antenna were refurbished. The antenna is a shaped Cassegrain system with an elevation over azimuth mount. The antenna has a parabolic reflector of 30 meters in diameter and a hyperbolic sub-reflector with a diameter of 4 meters. A significant benefit of this antenna is the direct access to the feed, which is located within an adjacent cabin (Figure 2). The L-band gain of this high-gain antenna is around 50 dB, the beam width is less than 0.5°. The position accuracy in azimuth and elevation direction is 0.001°. The maximum rotational speed of the whole antenna is 1.5°/second in azimuth and 1.0°/second in elevation direction. Figure 2. The shaped Cassegrain system: (1) parabolic reflector of 30 m diameter; (2) hyperbolic sub- reflector with a diameter of 4 meter; (3) sub-reflector; (4) Cabin with feeder and measurement equipment. Measurement Set-up The antenna offers another significant advantage in the possibility to have very short electrical and high-frequency connection between the L-band feeder and the measurement equipment. As mentioned earlier, the challenge for future GNSS applications is the high accuracy of the navigation solution. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and then analyze the signals very accurately and precisely. To achieve an uncertainty of less than 1 dB for the measurement results required a complete redesign of the setup, which consists of two main parts: paths for signal receiving and acquiring the measurement data; calibration elements for different calibration issues. The path for receiving the signal and acquiring the measurement data consists of two signal chains, each equipped with two low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) with a total gain of around 70 dB, a set of filters for the individual GNSS navigation frequency bands, and isolators to suppress reflections in the measurement system. With this setup it is possible to measure right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) signals in parallel. This provides the capability to perform axial ratio analysis of the satellite signal, and consequently an assessment of the antenna of the satellite. Using the switches SP01 and SP02, the measurement system is also able to acquire data from two different bands at the same time. This enabless investigations concerning the coherence between the signals in post-processing. The signals are measured and recorded using two real-time vector signal analyzers with up to 120 MHz signal bandwidth. Both analyzers are connected to a computer capable of post-processing and storing the data. Additional equipment like digitizers or receivers can be connected to the system using the splitter III outputs, where the unfiltered RHCP signals are coupled out after the first LNA. A high-performance rubidium clock is used as reference signal for the whole measurement equipment. In front of the first LNA of each chain, a signal can be coupled in for calibration issues. Control Software. Due to the distance of the antenna location from the Institute at Oberpfaffenhofen (around 40 kilometers) it was necessary to perform all measurement and calibration procedures during a measurement campaign via remote control. A software tool was developed which can control any component of the setup remotely. In addition, this software can perform a complete autonomous operation of the whole system by a free pre-definable sequence over any period of time. This includes, for example, the selection of the different band-pass filters, the polarization output of the feed, and the control of the calibration routines. After the measurement sequence, the system automatically copies all data via LAN onto the processing facility, starts basic analysis based on spectral data, and generates a report. Sophisticated analysis based on IQ raw data is performed manually at this time. Absolute Calibration To fulfill the challenge of highly accurate measurements, it is necessary to completely characterize all elements of the measurement system, which comprises the antenna itself and the measurement system within the cabin after the feed. An absolutely necessary precondition of the calibration of the high-gain antenna is a very accurate pointing capability. The pointing error should be less than 0.01° concerning antennas of this diameter. Furthermore, it is important to check long-term stability of these characterizations and the influences of different interference types and other possible error sources. This has to be taken in to account, when it comes to a point where the value of the absolute calibration has the same range as the summed measurement uncertainties of the equipment in use. Antenna Calibration. High-accuracy measurements require not only the correct antenna alignment but also accurate power calibration of the antenna. To determine the antenna gain, well known reference sources are needed. These could be natural sources like radio stars or artificial sources like geostationary satellites. Standard reference signal sources for the calibration of high-gain antennas are the radio sources Cassiopeia A, Cygnus, and Taurus. All these radio sources are circumpolar relative to our ground station, and therefore usable for calibrations at all times of the year. A further advantage of these calibration sources is the wide frequency range of the emitted signals. Thus, contrary to other signal sources (like ARTEMIS satellite L band pilot signal) the antenna gain can be calibrated in a wide bandwidth. With the help of the well-known flux density of the celestial radio sources and using the Y-method, the relation between the gain of the antenna and the noise temperature of the receiving system, or G/T, can be measured. Measuring the noise figure of the receiving system, the antenna gain can finally be calculated. System Calibration. The measurement system calibration behind the feed is performed using wideband chirp signals. The chirp is injected into the signal chains via coupler I and II (Figure 3). The calibration signal is captured by the two vector signal analyzers. In the next step, the signal is linked via the switches directly to the analyzers, and the chirp signals are recorded as reference again. It has to be taken into account that more elements are in the loop during the chirp recordings compared to the receiving chain. These are the link between the signal generator and the couplers and the direct path to the analyzers. Figure 3. Measurement setup overview. To separate the receiving chain from the additional elements within the wideband calibration loop, two more measurements are needed. The injection path from the signal generator to the couplers and the direct paths are characterized by network analyzer (NWA) measurements. Based on the chirp and NWA measurements, the transfer function of the system is calculated to derive the gain and phase information. To determine the calibration curve over the frequency range from 1.0 GHz to 1.8 GHz, a set of overlaying chirps with different center frequencies is injected into the signal paths and combined within the analysis. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the results of the wideband calibration of gain and phase. Figure 4. Gain of the measurement system after the feed over 14 hours. Figure 5. Phase of measurement system. Is it enough to determine the gain only once? If we assume that there is no aging effect of the elements, and the ambient conditions like temperature are constant, the gain should not change. In reality the behavior of the system is not constant. Figure 6 shows the temperature within the cabin during a failure of its air conditioning system. Figure 7 shows the corresponding gain of the measurement system during the temperature change in the cabin of about 5° Celsius. Clearly, it can be seen that the gain changed around 0.2 dB. Figure 6. Cabin temperature increase during outage of the air condition concerning measurements shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Gain variations of the measurement system based on temperature variations in the cabin (see Figure 6). This example shows the sensitivity of the system to changes in environmental conditions. Usually the measurement system is temperature-stabilized and controlled, and the system will not change during data acquisition. But every control system can be broken, or an element changes its behavior. For this reason, the calibration is performed at least at the beginning and at the end of a satellite path (maximum 8 hours). Measurement Results Here we present selected results from the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou navigation systems. Galileo FM3 and FM4. In October 2012, the third and fourth operational Galileo satellites, FM3 and FM4, were launched into orbit. Signal transmissions started in November and in December, respectively. Both satellites provide fully operational signals on all three frequency bands, E1, E5, and E6. The measurement data of both satellites were captured in December 2012, shortly after the beginning of the signal transmission. Figure 8 shows the spectra of both satellites for El, E5, and E6 bands. The quality of the transmitted signals seems to be good, but for the El signal of FM4 satellite, minor deformations of the spectra are visible. Figure 8. Measurement results of Galileo IOV FM3 & FM4: El, E5 and E6 spectra. Figure 9 shows the results of the IQ constellations both for FM3 and FM4 concerning each transmitted signal band. The constellations and consequently the modulation quality of each signal are nearly perfect for the FM3 satellite. The IQ constellation diagrams of FM4 show minor deformations in each band. What impact these imperfections create for future users has yet to be analyzed. Both satellites were at the time of measurement campaign still in the in-orbit test phase and did not transmit the final CBOC signal in the E1 band. It could be expected that especially the signals of the FM4 will be adjusted to become more perfect. Figure 9 Measurement results of Galileo IOV FM3 & FM4: E1, E5, and E6 – IQ Constellation. BeiDou M6. BeiDou satellites transmit navigation signals in three different frequency bands, all are located adjacent to or even inside currently employed GPS or Galileo frequency bands. The center frequencies are for the B1 band 1561.1 MHz, B3 band 1268.52 MHz, and B2 band 1207.14 MHz. In 2012, China launched six satellites: two inclined geostationary space vehicles and four medium-Earth orbit ones, concluding in September (M5 and M6) and October 2012 (IGSO6). There have been further BeiDou launches in 2013, but these satellites’ signals are not analyzed here. Figure 10 displays calibrated measurement results from the Beidou M6 satellite. The spectra of the B2 and B3 band of the Beidou M6 satellite are clean and show no major deformation. Within the B1 spectra, some spurious results, especially on top of the side lobes, are obvious. This behavior has to be investigated more in detail to determine their origin. The IQ diagrams, which visualize the modulation quality, show also no major deformation. Only within the B3 signal, a marginal compression of the constellation points can be seen, which points to a large-signal operation at the beginning of the saturation of the amplifier of the satellite. Figure 10. BeiDou M6 satellite signal spectra and IQ constellations at B1, B2 and B3 band Conclusion Reviewing the quality of the presented measurements, signal analysis, and verification on GNSS satellites, the use of the 30-meter high-gain antenna offers excellent possibilities and results. Regarding the calibration measurements of the antenna gain and measurement system, the variances are in the range of measurement uncertainty of the equipment. The sensitivity of the measurement system concerning ambient conditions was exemplarily shown based on the gain drift caused by a temperature drift. But the solution is simple: stabilize the ambient conditions or perform calibration in a short regular cycle to detect changes within the system behavior to be able to correct them. Based on this absolute calibration, a first impression of the signal quality of Galileo FM3 and FM4 and the BeiDou M6 satellites were presented using spectral plots and IQ diagrams. Only minor distortion could be detected within the Galileo FM4 and Beidou M6 signal; these distortions may be negligible for most users. Concerning FM4 and FM3, both satellites were in the in-orbit test phase during the data acquisition. The signal quality may have been changed during their stabilization process in orbit, or the signals have been adjusted in the meantime. Thus, it would be interesting and worthwhile to repeat the measurements and perform detailed analysis to assess the final satellite quality and consequently the user performance. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the German Space Operation Centre for the opportunity to use the high-gain antenna. The support of colleagues at the DLR ground station Weilheim for the operational and maintenance service over recent years is highly appreciated. This work was partly performed within the project “Galileo SEIOT (50 NA 1005)” of the German Space Agency, funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology and based on a resolution by the German Bundestag. Finally, the support of DLR’s Centre of Excellence for Satellite Navigation is highly appreciated. This article is based on the paper “GNSS Survey – Signal Quality Assessment of the Latest GNSS Satellites” presented at The Institute of Navigation International Technical Meeting 2013, held in San Diego, California, January 28–30, 2013. Steffen Thoelert received his diploma degree in electrical engineering at the University of Magdeburg. He works in the Department of Navigation at German Aerospace Centre (DLR), on signal quality assessment, calibration, and automation of technical processes. Johann Furthner received his Ph.D. in laser physics at the University of Regensburg. He works in the DLR Institute of Communication and Navigation on the development of navigation systems in a number of areas (systems  simulation,  timing  aspects,  GNSS  analysis, signal verification, calibration processes). Michael Meurer received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Kaiserslautern, where he is now an associate professor, as well as director of the Department of Navigation at DLR.

5g phone jammer

The output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,go through the paper for more information,morse key or microphonedimensions.jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,with the antenna placed on top of the car,90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,automatic telephone answering machine.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,smoke detector alarm circuit,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,this system considers two factors,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way,building material and construction methods,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.while most of us grumble and move on.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,cell phones are basically handled two way ratios.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone.communication system technology.12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx.the present circuit employs a 555 timer,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.please see the details in this catalogue,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,solutions can also be found for this,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions.from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal,three circuits were shown here.can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.please visit the highlighted article.

Here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,even temperature and humidity play a role,20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,go through the paper for more information,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption.a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station,such as propaganda broadcasts,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,cell phones within this range simply show no signal,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.0°c – +60°crelative humidity.industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.if you are looking for mini project ideas,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,please visit the highlighted article,frequency band with 40 watts max.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,armoured systems are available.its total output power is 400 w rms.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.40 w for each single frequency band,if you are looking for mini project ideas.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones.our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.all mobile phones will indicate no network,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.once i turned on the circuit.it employs a closed-loop control technique,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.power grid control through pc scada,some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association.

Livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,complete infrastructures (gsm,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices,the common factors that affect cellular reception include,-10°c – +60°crelative humidity,where shall the system be used,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,several noise generation methods include,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1.the proposed design is low cost.upon activation of the mobile jammer,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.scada for remote industrial plant operation,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section.and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.specificationstx frequency,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space.the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.

This project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,there are many methods to do this,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.programmable load shedding,< 500 maworking temperature,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,check your local laws before using such devices,– transmitting/receiving antenna,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,temperature controlled system.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks.when the mobile jammer is turned off.components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.smoke detector alarm circuit.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,accordingly the lights are switched on and off,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.three circuits were shown here.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand.and frequency-hopping sequences.automatic changeover switch.this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz,presence of buildings and landscape,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius.bomb threats or when military action is underway,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure.completely autarkic and mobile,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer..