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Off-the-Shelf Antennas for Controlled-Reception-Pattern Antenna Arrays By Yu-Hsuan Chen, Sherman Lo, Dennis M. Akos, David S. De Lorenzo, and Per Enge INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley THE ANTENNA IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF ANY GNSS RECEIVING EQUIPMENT. It must be carefully designed for the frequencies and structures of the signals to be acquired and tracked. Important antenna properties include polarization, frequency coverage, phase-center stability, multipath suppression, the antenna’s impact on receiver sensitivity, reception or gain pattern, and interference handling. While all of these affect an antenna’s performance, let’s just look at the last two here. The gain pattern of an antenna is the spatial variation of the gain, or ratio of the power delivered by the antenna for a signal arriving from a particular direction compared to that delivered by a hypothetical isotropic reference antenna. Typically, for GNSS antennas, the reference antenna is also circularly polarized and the gain is then expressed in dBic units. An antenna may have a gain pattern with a narrow central lobe or beam if it is used for communications between two fixed locations or if the antenna can be physically steered to point in the direction of a particular transmitter. GNSS signals, however, arrive from many directions simultaneously, and so most GNSS receiving antennas tend to be omni-directional in azimuth with a gain roll-off from the antenna boresight to the horizon. While such an antenna is satisfactory for many applications, it is susceptible to accidental or deliberate interference from signals arriving from directions other than those of GNSS signals. Interference effects could be minimized if the gain pattern could be adjusted to null-out the interfering signals or to peak the gain in the directions of all legitimate signals. Such a controlled-reception-pattern antenna (CRPA) can be constructed using an array of antenna elements, each one being a patch antenna, say, with the signals from the elements combined before feeding them to the receiver. The gain pattern of the array can then be manipulated by electronically adjusting the phase relationship between the elements before the signals are combined. However, an alternative approach is to feed the signals from each element to separate banks of tracking channels in the receiver and form a beam-steering vector based on the double-difference carrier-phase measurements from pairs of elements that is subsequently used to weight the signals from the elements before they are processed to obtain a position solution. In this month’s column, we learn how commercial off-the-shelf antennas and a software-defined receiver can be used to design and test such CRPA arrays. “Innovation” features discussions about advances in GPS technology, its applications, and the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. To contact him with topic ideas, email him at lang @ unb.ca. Signals from global navigation satellite systems are relatively weak and thus vulnerable to deliberate or unintentional interference. An electronically steered antenna array system provides an effective approach to mitigate interference by controlling the reception pattern and steering the system’s beams or nulls. As a result, so-called controlled-reception-pattern-antenna (CRPA) arrays have been deployed by organizations such as the U.S. Department of Defense, which seeks high levels of interference rejection. Our efforts have focused on developing a commercially viable CRPA system using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components to support the needs of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) alternative position navigation and timing (APNT) efforts. In 2010, we implemented a seven-element, two-bit-resolution, single-beam and real-time CRPA software receiver. In 2011, the receiver was upgraded to support all-in-view, 16-bit-resolution with four elements. Even though we can implement these CRPA software receivers in real time, the performance of anti-interference is highly dependent on the antenna array layout and characteristics of the antenna elements. Our beamforming approach allows us to use several COTS antennas as an array rather than a custom-designed and fully calibrated antenna. The use of COTS antennas is important, as the goal of our effort is to develop a CRPA for commercial endeavors — specifically for robust timing for the national airspace. Hence, it is important to study the geometry layout of the individual antennas of the array to assess the layouts and to determine how antenna performance affects the array’s use. In our work, we have developed a procedure for calculating the electrical layouts of an antenna array by differential carrier-phase positioning. When compared to the physical layout, the results of electrical layouts can be used to determine the mutual coupling effect of each combination. Using the electrical layout, the resultant gain patterns can be calculated and used to see the beamwidth and the side-lobe issue. This is important as these factors have significant effects on anti-interference performance. This study focuses on understanding the performance effects of geometry and developing a method for describing the best geometry. We adopted three models of COTS antenna and two possible layouts for a four-element array. Then, signal collection hardware consisting of four Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radios and one host personal computer was assembled to collect array data sets for each layout/antenna combination. Our developed CRPA software receiver was used to process all data sets and output carrier-phase measurements. In this article, we will present the pattern analysis for the two selected layouts and describe how we collected the experimental data. We’ll then show the results of calculating the electrical spacing for the layouts are compare them to the physical layouts. Lastly, we’ll show the resulting patterns, discuss the antenna mutual coupling effects, and give our conclusions. Antenna Array Pattern Analysis Pattern is defined as the directional strength of a radio-frequency signal viewed from the antenna. The pattern of an antenna array is the product of the isotropic array factor and the isolated element pattern. We assume that the pattern of each element is identical and only consider the isotropic array factor. FIGURE 1 shows the coordination of an antenna array. The first element is set as a reference position. The x-axis is the east direction, the y-axis is the north direction, and the z-axis is the up direction. The baseline vector of the ith antenna is given by and  is the unit vector to the satellite. Figure 1. Antenna array geometry and direction of satellite. Array elements are identified as E#1, E#2, E#3, and E#4. The isotropic array factor is given by    (1) where λ is wavelength, and Ai is a complex constant. Currently, we only implement a four-element-array CRPA software receiver in real time. Hence, we analyze two kinds of layout of half-wavelength four-element arrays: a symmetrical Y array and a square array. Each antenna is separated from its nearest neighbor by a half wavelength. FIGURE 2 shows photos of the two layouts. FIGURE 3 shows the physical layouts. Figure 2. Photos of antenna arrays (left: Y array; right: square array). Figure 3A. Physical layout of antenna arrays (Y array). Figure 3B. Physical layout of antenna arrays (square array). The antenna patterns towards an elevation angle of 90 degrees, computed using equation 1 and the design layouts, are shown in FIGURE 4. One of the key characteristics of a pattern is the beamwidth, which is defined as the angle with 3-dB loss. FIGURE 5 shows the patterns in elevation angle where the beamwidth of the Y layout is 74 degrees and 86 degrees for the square layout. A narrow beamwidth will benefit anti-interference performance particularly if the interference is close to the direction of a target satellite. Figure 4. Patterns of antenna arrays (left: Y array; right: square array). Figure 5. Pattern beamwidths of Y and square arrays (3 dB beamwidth shown). Specifications of COTS Antennas Typically, the COTS antenna selection is determined by high gain and great out-of-band rejection. TABLE 1 shows the specifications of the three antenna models used in this article. These antennas are all patch antennas. The antennas are equipped with surface-acoustic-wave filters for rejecting out-of-band signals. A three-stage low noise amplifier with over 30 dB gain is also embedded in each antenna. Table 1. Specifications of COTS antennas used. Signal Collection Hardware and Experimental Setup The hardware used to collect the antenna array datasets is shown in FIGURE 6 with block-diagram representation in FIGURE 7. The hardware includes a four-element antenna array, four USRP2 software radio systems and one host computer. The signal received from the COTS antenna passes to a USRP2 board equipped with a 800–2300 MHz DBSRX2 programmable mixing and down-conversion daughterboard. The individual USRP2 boards are synchronized by a 10-MHz external common clock generator and a pulse-per-second (PPS) signal. The USRP2s are controlled by the host computer running the Ubuntu distribution of Linux. The open-source GNU Radio software-defined radio block is used to configure USRP2s and collect datasets. All USRP2s are configured to collect the L1 (1575.42 MHz) signal. The signals are converted to near zero intermediate frequency (IF) and digitized to 14-bit complex outputs (I and Q). Figure 6. Photo of the signal collection hardware. Figure 7. Block diagram of the signal collection hardware. The sampling rate is set as 4 MHz. The host computer uses two solid state drives for storing data sets. For our study, a 64-megabytes per second data transfer rate is needed. The fast solid state drives are especially useful when using high bandwidth signals such as L5, which will require an even higher data streaming rate (80 megabytes per second per channel). To compare the physical and electrical layouts of the antenna arrays, we set up the signal collection hardware to record six data sets for the two layouts and the three antenna models as shown in TABLE 2. All of the data sets were five minutes long to obtain enough carrier-phase measurements for positioning. Table 2. Experimental setups. Logging Carrier-Phase Measurements To calculate the precise spacing between the antenna elements, hundreds of seconds of carrier-phase measurements from each element are needed. The collected data sets were provided by our in-house-developed CRPA software receiver. The receiver was developed using Visual Studio under Windows. Most of source code is programmed using C++. Assembly language is used to program the functions with high computational complexity such as correlation operations. The software architecture of the receiver is depicted in FIGURE 8. This architecture exploits four sets of 12 tracking channels in parallel to process each IF signal from an antenna element. Each channel is dedicated to tracking the signal of a single satellite. The tracking channels output carrier-phase measurements to build the steering vectors for each satellite. The Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithm was adopted for adaptively calculating the weights for beamforming. Here, there are 12 weight sets, one for each satellite in a tracking channel, for the desired directions of satellites. Figure 8. Block diagram of the software architecture. Using the pre-correlation beamforming approach, the weights are multiplied with IF data and summed over all elements to form 12 composite signals. These signals are then processed by composite tracking channels. Finally, positioning is performed if pseudoranges and navigation messages are obtained from these channels. FIGURE 9 is the graphical user interface (GUI) of the CRPA software receiver. It consists of the channel status of all channels, carrier-phase differences, positioning results, an east-north (EN) plot, a sky plot, a carrier-to-noise-density (C/N0) plot and the gain patterns of the array for each tracked satellite. In the figure, the CRPA software receiver is tracking 10 satellites and its positioning history is shown in the EN plot. The beamforming channels have about 6 dB more gain in C/N0 than the channels of a single element. In each pattern, the direction with highest gain corresponds to the direction of the satellite. While the CRPA software receiver is running, the carrier-phase measurements of all elements and the azimuth and elevation angle of the satellites are logged every 100 milliseconds. Each data set in Table 2 was processed by the software receiver to log the data. Figure 9. Screenshot of the controlled-reception-pattern-antenna software-receiver graphical user interface. Electrical Layout of Antenna Array – Procedure The procedure of calculating the electrical layout of an antenna array is depicted in FIGURE 10. The single-difference integrated carrier phase (ICP) between the signals of an element, i, and a reference element, j, is represented as:    (2) where rkij is differential range toward the kth satellite between the ith and jth antenna elements (a function of the baseline vector between the ith and jth elements), δLij is the cable-length difference between the ith and jth antenna elements, Nkij is the integer associated with Φkij , εkij and  is the phase error. The double-difference ICP between the kth satellite and reference satellite l is represented as:    (3) The cable-length difference term is subtracted in the double difference. Since the distances between the antenna elements are close to one wavelength, equation (3) can be written as:    (4) where  is the unit vector to satellite k, pij is the baseline vector between the ith and jth elements. By combining all the double-difference measurements of the ijth pair of elements, the observations equation can be represented as:       (5) From the positioning results of composite channels, the azimuth and elevation angle of satellites are used to manipulate matrix G. To solve equation (5), the LAMBDA method was adopted to give the integer vector N. Then, pij  is solved by substituting N into equation (5). Finally, the cable-length differences are obtained by substituting the solutions of N and pij into equation (2). This approach averages the array pattern across all satellite measurements observed during the calibration period. Figure 10. Procedure for calculating antenna-array electrical spacing. Electrical Layout of Antenna Array – Results Using the procedure in the previous section, all electrical layouts of the antenna array were calculated and are shown in FIGURES 11 and 12. We aligned the vectors from element #1 to element #2 for all layouts. TABLE 3 lists the total differences between the physical and electrical layouts. For the same model of antenna, the Y layout has less difference than the square layout. And, in terms of antenna model, antenna #1 has the least difference for both Y and square layouts. We could conclude that the mutual coupling effect of the Y layout is less than that of the square layout, and that antenna #1 has the smallest mutual coupling effect among all three models of antenna for these particular elements and observations utilized. Figure 11. Results of electrical layout using three models of antenna compared to the physical layout for the Y array. Figure 12. Results of electrical layout using three models of antenna compared to physical layout for the square array. Table 3. Total differences between physical and electrical layouts. To compare the patterns of all calculated electrical layouts, we selected two specific directions: an elevation angle of 90 degrees and a target satellite, WAAS GEO PRN138, which was available for all data sets. The results are shown in FIGURES 13 and 14, respectively. From Figure 13, the beamwidth of the Y layout is narrower than that of the square layout for all antenna models. When compared to Figure 5, this result confirms the validity of our analysis approach. But, in Figure 14, a strong sidelobe appears at azimuth -60º in the pattern of Y layout for antenna #2. If there is some interference located in this direction, the anti-interference performance of the array will be limited. This is due to a high mutual coupling effect of antenna #2 and only can be seen after calculating the electrical layout. Figure 13. Patterns of three models of antenna and two layouts toward an elevation angle of 90 degrees. Figure 14. Patterns of three models of antenna and two layouts toward the WAAS GEO satellite PRN138. Conclusions The results of our electrical layout experiment show that the Y layout has a smaller difference with respect to the physical layout than the square layout. That implies that the elements of the Y layout have less mutual coupling. For the antenna selection, arrays based on antenna model #1 showed the least difference between electrical and physical layout. And its pattern does not have a high grating lobe in a direction other than to the target satellite. The hardware and methods used in this article can serve as a testing tool for any antenna array. Specifically, our methodology, which can be used to collect data, compare physical and electrical layouts, and assess resultant antenna gain patterns, allows us to compare the performances of different options and select the best antenna and layout combination. Results can be used to model mutual coupling and the overall effect of layout and antenna type on array gain pattern and overall CRPA capabilities. This procedure is especially important when using COTS antennas to assemble an antenna array and as we increase the number of antenna elements and the geometry possibilities of the array. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of Dr. Jiwon Seo in building the signal collection hardware. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Federal Aviation Administration Cooperative Research and Development Agreement 08-G-007 for supporting this research. This article is based on the paper “A Study of Geometry and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Antennas for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Arrays” presented at ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, held in Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012. Manufacturers The antennas used to construct the arrays are Wi-Sys Communications Inc., now PCTEL, Inc. models WS3978 and WS3997 and PCTEL, Inc. model 3978D-HR. The equipment used to collect data sets includes Ettus Research LLC model USRP2 software-defined radios and associated DBSRX2 daughterboards. Yu-Hsuan Chen is a postdoctoral scholar in the GNSS Research Laboratory at Stanford University, Stanford, California. Sherman Lo is a senior research engineer at the Stanford GNSS Research Laboratory. Dennis M. Akos is an associate professor with the Aerospace Engineering Science Department in the University of Colorado at Boulder with visiting appointments at Luleå Technical University, Sweden, and Stanford University. David S. De Lorenzo is a principal research engineer at Polaris Wireless, Mountain View, California, and a consulting research associate to the Stanford GNSS Research Laboratory. Per Enge is a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University, where he is the Kleiner-Perkins Professor in the School of Engineering. He directs the GNSS Research Laboratory. FURTHER READING • Authors’ Publications “A Study of Geometry and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Antennas for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Arrays” by Y.-H. Chen in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012, pp. 907–914 (ION Student Paper Award winner). “A Real-Time Capable Software-Defined Receiver Using GPU for Adaptive Anti-Jam GPS Sensors” by J. Seo, Y.-H. Chen, D.S. De Lorenzo, S. Lo, P. Enge, D. Akos, and J. Lee in Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 9, 2011, pp. 8966–8991, doi: 10.3390/s110908966. “Real-Time Software Receiver for GPS Controlled Reception Pattern Array Processing” by Y.-H. Chen, D.S. De Lorenzo, J. Seo, S. Lo, J.-C. Juang, P. Enge, and D.M. Akos in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2010, the 23rd International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 21–24, 2010, pp. 1932–1941. “A GNSS Software Receiver Approach for the Processing of Intermittent Data” by Y.-H. Chen and J.-C. Juang in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2007, the 20th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, Texas, September 25–28, 2007, pp. 2772–2777. • Controlled-Reception-Pattern Antenna Arrays “Anti-Jam Protection by Antenna: Conception, Realization, Evaluation of a Seven-Element GNSS CRPA” by F. Leveau, S. Boucher, E. Goron, and H. Lattard in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 30–33. “Development of Robust Safety-of-Life Navigation Receivers” by M.V.T. Heckler, M. Cuntz, A. Konovaltsev, L.A. Greda, A. Dreher, and M. Meurer in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 59, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 998–1005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2010.2103090. Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Edition, by R. C. Hansen, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2009. • Antenna Principles “Selecting the Right GNSS Antenna” by G. Ryley in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 40–41 (in PDF of 2013 Antenna Survey.) “GNSS Antennas: An Introduction to Bandwidth, Gain Pattern, Polarization, and All That” by G.J.K. Moernaut and D. Orban in GPS World, Vol. 20, No. 2, February 2009, pp. 42–48. “A Primer on GPS Antennas” by R.B. Langley in GPS World, Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1998, pp. 50-54. • Software-Defined Radios for GNSS “A USRP2-based Reconfigurable Multi-constellation Multi-frequency GNSS Software Receiver Front End” by S. Peng and Y. Morton in GPS Solutions, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 89-102. “Software GNSS Receiver: An Answer for Precise Positioning Research” by T. Pany, N. Falk, B. Riedl, T. Hartmann, G. Stangl, and C. Stöber in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 9, September 2012, pp. 60–66. “Simulating GPS Signals: It Doesn’t Have to Be Expensive” by A. Brown, J. Redd, and M.-A. Hutton in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 2012, pp. 44–50. Digital Satellite Navigation and Geophysics: A Practical Guide with GNSS Signal Simulator and Receiver Laboratory by I.G. Petrovski and T. Tsujii with foreword by R.B. Langley, published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2012. “A Real-Time Software Receiver for the GPS and Galileo L1 Signals” by B.M. Ledvina, M.L. Psiaki, T.E. Humphreys, S.P. Powell, and P.M. Kintner, Jr. in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2006, the 19th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, Texas, September 26–29, 2006, pp. 2321–2333.

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Brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.power grid control through pc scada,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,all mobile phones will indicate no network,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.there are many methods to do this,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification,2100-2200 mhztx output power,several noise generation methods include.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control.40 w for each single frequency band.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.three circuits were shown here.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,depending on the vehicle manufacturer,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements.5% – 80%dual-band output 900.with the antenna placed on top of the car.portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,three circuits were shown here.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.band selection and low battery warning led.computer rooms or any other government and military office.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.information including base station identity.our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.

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The signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,overload protection of transformer,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes.this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,temperature controlled system,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,even temperature and humidity play a role.one is the light intensity of the room,an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required.and frequency-hopping sequences,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,if you are looking for mini project ideas.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,due to the high total output power.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,military camps and public places,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first).this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,smoke detector alarm circuit.2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,morse key or microphonedimensions,it is always an element of a predefined.this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system.

Ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand.dtmf controlled home automation system.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,we are providing this list of projects.binary fsk signal (digital signal),phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,micro controller based ac power controller.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,depending on the already available security systems.automatic changeover switch,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices.but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,its called denial-of-service attack.we then need information about the existing infrastructure,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual.

The proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.whether copying the transponder,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station.you can control the entire wireless communication using this system,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.due to the high total output power,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,with its highest output power of 8 watt,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.micro controller based ac power controller,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature.< 500 maworking temperature,frequency band with 40 watts max,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power.when the mobile jammer is turned off,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.automatic telephone answering machine,once i turned on the circuit.vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.

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