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Its Algorithms and Performance The authors test three mass-market design drivers on a chip developed expressly for a new role as a combined GPS and Galileo consumer receiver: the time-to-first-fix for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations; sensitivity in harsh environments, exploiting a simulated land mobile satellite multipath channel and different user dynamics; and power consumption strategies, particularly duty-cycle tracking. By Nicola Linty, Paolo Crosta, Philip G. Mattos, and Fabio Pisoni The two main GNSS receiver market segments, professional high-precision receivers and mass-market/consumer receivers, have very different structure, objectives, features, architecture, and cost. Mass-market receivers are produced in very high volume — hundreds of millions for smartphones and tablets — and sold at a limited price, and in-car GNSS systems represent a market of tens of millions of units per year. The reason for these exploding markets can be found not only in the improvements in electronics and integration, but also in the increasing availability of new GNSS signals. In coming years, with Galileo, QZSS, BeiDou, GPS-L1C, and GLONASS-CDMA all on the way, the silicon manufacturer must continue the path towards the fully flexible multi-constellation mass-market receiver. Mass-market receivers feature particular signal processing techniques, different from the acquisition and tracking techniques of standard GNSS receivers, in order to comply with mobile and consumer devices’ resources and requirements. However, a limited documentation is present in the open literature concerning consumer devices’ algorithms and techniques; besides a few papers, all the know-how is protected by patents, held by the main manufacturers, and mainly focused on the GPS L1 C/A signal. We investigate and prove the feasibility of such techniques by semi-analytical and Monte Carlo simulations, outlining the estimators sensitivity and accuracy, and by tests on real Galileo IOV signals. To understand, analyze, and test this class of algorithms, we implemented a fully software GNSS receiver, running on a personal computer. It can process hardware- and software-simulated GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1BC signals, as well as real signals, down-converted at intermediate frequency (IF), digitalized and stored in memory by a front-end/bit grabber; it can also output standard receiver parameters: code delay, Doppler frequency, carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/N0), phase, and navigation message. The software receiver is fully configurable, extremely flexible, and represents an important tool to assess performance and accuracy of selected techniques in different circumstances. Code-Delay Estimation The code-delay estimation is performed in the software receiver by a parallel correlation unit, giving as output a multi-correlation with a certain chip spacing. This approach presents some advantages, mostly the fact that the number of correlation values that can be provided is thousands of times greater, compared to a standard receiver channel. Use of multiple correlators increases multipath-rejection capabilities, essential features in mass-market receivers, especially for positioning in urban scenarios. The multi-correlation output is exploited to compute the received signal code delay with an open-loop strategy and then to compute the pseudorange. In the simulations performed, the multi-correlation has a resolution of 1/10 of a chip, which is equivalent to 30 meters for the signals in question; to increase the estimate accuracy, Whittaker-Shannon interpolation is performed on the equally spaced points of the correlation function belonging to the correlation peak. The code-delay estimate accuracy is reported in Figures 1 and 2. The results are obtained with Monte Carlo simulations on simulated GNSS signals, with sampling frequency equal to 16.3676 MHz. In particular, a GPS L1 C/A signal is considered, affected by constant Doppler frequency equal to zero for the observation period, to avoid the effect of dynamics. The figures show the standard deviation of the code estimation error, that is, the difference between the estimated code delay and the true one, expressed in meters (pseudorange error standard deviation) for different values of C/N0. To evaluate the quality of the results, the theoretical delay locked loop (DLL) tracking jitter is plotted for comparison, as where Bn is the code loop noise bandwidth, Rc is the chipping rate, Bfe is the single sided front-end bandwidth, Tc is the coherent integration time, and c is the speed of light. In the two figures, the red curve shows the theoretical tracking jitter for a DLL, which can be considered as term of comparison for code-delay estimation. To correlate the results, a E-L spacing equal to D = 0.2 chip is chosen, and the code-delay error values of the software receiver simulation are filtered with a moving average filter. By averaging 0.5 seconds of data (for example, L = 31 values spaced 16 milliseconds), an equivalent closed-loop bandwidth of about 1 Hz can be obtained: In particular, in Figure 1, a coherent integration time equal to 1 millisecond (ms) and 16 non-coherent sums are considered, while in Figure 2 a coherent integration time equal to 4 ms and 16 non-coherent sums, spanning a total time T=64 ms, are considered. In both cases, the software receiver results are extremely good for high C/N0. The code-delay error estimate is slightly higher than its equivalent in the DLL formulation. The open-loop estimation error notably increases in the first case below 40 dB-Hz due to strong outliers, whose probability of occurrence depends on the C/N0. In fact, this effect is smoothed in the second case, where the coherent integration time is four times larger, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 1. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=1 ms , T=16 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Figure 2. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=4 ms, T=64 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Nevertheless, the comparison between open loop multi-correlation approach and closed loop DLL is difficult and approximate, because the parameters involved are different and the results are only qualitative. Doppler Frequency Estimation In the particular case of the software receiver developed here, the residual Doppler frequency affecting the GNSS signal is estimated by means of a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) on a snapshot of samples, exploiting open-loop strategy. In fact, despite the higher standard deviation of the frequency error (jitter), open-loop processing offers improved tracking sensitivity, higher tracking robustness against fading and interference, and better stability when increasing the coherent integration time. In addition, the open-loop approach does not require the design of loop filters, avoiding problems with loop stability. A certain number of successive correlator values, computed in the multiple correlations block, are combined in a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and interpolated. Figure 3 shows the root mean square error (RMSE) of the frequency estimate versus signal C/N0, obtained collecting 16 coherent accumulations of 4 ms of a Galileo E1B signal, then computing a 16 points FFT spanning a time interval of 64 ms, and finally refining the result with an interpolation technique. Three different curves are shown, corresponding respectively to: the RMSE derived from simulations, carried out with GNSS data simulated with the N-FUELS signal generator; a semi-analytical estimation, exploiting the same algorithm; the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for frequency estimation, shown as where fs is the sampling frequency. Figure 3. Doppler frequency estimate RMSE versus C/N0 in super-high resolution with T=64 ms, comparison between theoretical and simulated results. A well-known drawback is the so-called threshold effect. Below a certain C/N0, the frequency estimate computed with MLE suffers from an error, and the RMSE increases with respect to the CRLB. Mass-Market Design Drivers Once we have analyzed the features of some mass-market algorithms with a software receiver, we can move toward the performance of a real mass-market device, to compare results and confirm improvements brought by the new Galileo signals, so far mainly known from a theoretical point of view. A recent survey identified three main drivers in the design of a mass-market receiver, coming directly from user needs, and solvable in different ways. Time-to-first-fix (TTFF) corresponds to how fast a position, velocity, and time (PVT) solution is available after the receiver is powered on, that is, the time that a receiver takes to acquire and track a minimum of four satellites, and to obtain the necessary information from the demodulated navigation data bits or from other sources. Capability in hostile environments, for example while crossing an urban canyon or when hiking in a forest, is measured in terms of sensitivity. It can be verified by decreasing the received signal strength and/or adding multipath models. Power consumption of the device. GNSS chipset is in general very demanding and can produce a not-negligible battery drain. We analyzed these three drivers with a commercial mass-market receiver and with the software receiver. Open-Sky TTFF Analysis TTFF depends on the architecture of the receiver, for example the number of correlators or the acquisition strategy, on the availability of assistance data, such as rough receiver position and time or space vehicles’ (SV) ephemeris data, and on the broadcast navigation message structure. Some receivers, like the one used here for testing, embed an acquisition engine that can be activated on request and assures a low acquisition time; moreover, they implement ephemeris extension. In contrast, other consumer receiver manufacturers exploit a baseband-configurable processing unit, similar to the one implemented in the software receiver, with thousands of parallel correlators generating a multi-correlator output with configurable spacing, depending on the accuracy required. By selecting an appropriate number of correlators, depending on the available assistance data and on the accuracy required, the TTFF consequently varies. We assessed the performance of the receiver under test for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations, exploiting hardware-simulated GNSS data. Good results are achieved, especially when introducing Galileo signals. Figure 4 reports the hot-start TTFF for different C/N0 values in the range 25–53 dB-Hz, computed using the receiver. The receiver, connected to a signal generator, is configured in dual-constellation mode (GPS and Galileo) and carries out 40 TTFF trials, with a random delay between 15 and 45 seconds. In a standard additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and in hot-start conditions, the results mainly depend on the acquisition strategy and on the receiver availability of correlators and acquisition engines. In an ideal case with open-sky conditions and variable C/N0, the introduction of a second constellation only slightly improves the TTFF performance; this result cannot be generalized since it mainly depends on the acquisition threshold of the receiver, which can change using signals of different constellations. In real-world conditions, the situation can vary. Figure 4. Hot start TTFF for Galileo+GPS configuration versus C/N0 using the test receiver. Cold Start. Secondly, we analyze TTFF differences due to the different structure of GPS and Galileo navigation messages. The I/NAV message of the Galileo E1 signal and the data broadcast by GPS L1 C/A signals contain data related to satellite clock, ephemeris, and GNSS time: parameters relevant to the position fix since they describe the position of the satellite in its orbit, its clock error, and the transmission time of the received message. Table 1 shows some results in the particular case of cold start, with an ideal open-sky AWGN scenario. The TTFF is significantly lower when using Galileo satellites: while the mean TTFF when tracking only GPS satellites is equal to about 31.9 seconds (s), it decreases to 24.7 s when considering only Galileo satellites, and to 22.5 s in the case of dual constellation. Similarly, the minimum and maximum TTFF values are lower when tracking Galileo satellites. The 95 percent probability values confirm the theoretical expectations. Again, in the ideal case with open-sky conditions, the results with two constellations are quite similar to the performance of the signal with faster TTFF. However, in non-ideal conditions, use of multiple constellations represents a big advantage and underlines the importance of developing at least dual-constellation mass-market receivers. Table 1. Comparison between TTFF (in seconds) in cold start for different constellation combinations. Furthermore, it is interesting to analyze in more detail the case of a GPS and Galileo joint solution. GPS and Galileo system times are not synchronized, but differ by a small quantity, denoted as the GPS-Galileo Time Offset (GGTO). When computing a PVT solution with mixed signals, three solutions are possible: to estimate it as a fifth unknown, to read it from the navigation message, or to use pre-computed value. In the first case it is not necessary to rely on the information contained in the navigation message, eventually reducing the TTFF. However, five satellites are required to solve the five unknowns, and this is not always the case in urban scenarios or harsh environments, as will be proved below. On the contrary, in the second case, it is necessary to obtain the GGTO information from the navigation message, and since it appears only once every 30 seconds, in the worst case it is necessary to correctly demodulate 30 seconds of data. Both approaches show benefits and disadvantages, depending on the environment. The receiver under test exploits the second solution: in this case, it is possible to see an increase in the average TTFF when using a combination of GPS and Galileo, due to the demodulation of more sub-frames of the broadcast message. Sensitivity: Performance in Harsh Environments Harsh environment is the general term used to describe those scenarios in which open sky and ideal propagation conditions are not fulfilled. It can include urban canyons, where the presence of high buildings limits the SV visibility and introduces multipath; denied environments, where unintentional interference may create errors in the processing; or sites where shadowing of line-of-sight (LoS) path is present, for example due to trees, buildings, and tunnels. In these situations it is necessary to pay particular attention to the signal-processing stage; performance is in general reduced up to the case in which the receiver is not able to compute a fix. A first attempt to model such an environment has been introduced in the 3GPP standard together with the definition of A-GNSS minimum performance requirements for user equipment supporting other A-GNSSs than GPS L1 C/A, or multiple A-GNSSs which may or may not include GPS L1 C/A. The standard test cases support up to three different constellations; in dual-constellation case it foresees three satellites in view for each constellation with a horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) ranging from 1.4 to 2.1. To perform TTFF and sensitivity tests applying the 3GPP standard test case, we configured a GNSS simulator scenario with the following characteristics, starting from the nominal constellation: Six SVs: three GPS (with PRN 6,7, 21) and three Galileo (with code number 4, 11, 23); HDOP in the range 1.4 – 2.1; nominal power as per corresponding SIS-ICD; user motion, with a heading direction towards 90° azimuth, at a constant speed of 5 kilometers/hour (km/h). In addition to limiting the number of satellites, we introduced a narrowband multipath model. The multi-SV two-states land mobile satellite (LMS) model simulator generated fading time series representative of an urban environment. The model includes two states: a good state, corresponding to LOS condition or light shadowing; a bad state, corresponding to heavy shadowing/blockage. Within each state, a Loo-distributed fading signal is assumed. It includes a slow fading component (lognormal fading) corresponding to varying shadowing conditions of the direct signal, and a fast fading component due to multipath effects. In particular, the last version of the two-state LMS simulator is able to generate different but correlated fading for each single SV, according to its elevation and azimuth angle with respect to the user position: the angular separation within satellites is crucial, since it affects the correlation of the received signals. This approach is based on a master–slave concept, where the state transitions of several slave satellites are modeled according to their correlation with one master satellite, while neglecting the correlation between the slave satellites. The nuisances generated are then imported in the simulator scenario, to timely control phase and amplitude of each simulator channel. Using this LMS scenario, the receiver’s performance in harsh environments has been then verified with acquisition (TTFF) and tracking tests. The TTFF was estimated with about 50 tests, in hot, warm, and cold start, first using both GPS and Galileo satellites, and then using only one constellation. In the second case only the 2D fix is considered, since, according to the scenario described, at maximum three satellites are in view. Table 2 reports the results for the dual-constellation case: in hot start the average TTFF is about 8 s, and it increases to 36 s and 105 s respectively for the warm and cold cases. Clearly the results are much worse than in the case reported earlier of full open-sky AWGN conditions. In this scenario only six satellites are available at maximum; moreover, the presence of multipath and fading affects the results, and they exhibit a larger variance, because of the varying conditions of the scenario. Table 2. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting GPS and Galileo constellations in harsh environments. Table 3 shows similar results, but for the GPS-only case. In this case the receiver was configured to track only GPS satellites. The mean TTFF increases both in the hot and in the warm case, whereas in cold start it is not possible compute a 2D fix with only three satellites; the ambiguity of the solution cannot be solved if an approximate position solution is not available. It may seem unfair to compare a scenario with three satellites and one with six satellites. However, it can be assumed that this is representative of what happens in limited-visibility conditions, where a second constellation theoretically doubles the number of satellites in view. Table 3. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting only GPS constellations in harsh environments. The results confirm the benefits of dual-constellation mass-market receivers in harsh environments where the number of satellites in view can be very low. Making use of the full constellation of Galileo satellites will allow mass-market receivers to substantially increase performances in these scenarios. Tracking.We carried out a 30-minute tracking test with both the receiver and the software receiver model. Both were able to acquire the six satellites and to track them, even with some losses of lock (LoLs) due to fading and multipath reflections. Figure 5 shows the number of satellites in tracking state in the receiver at every second, while Figure 6 shows the HDOP as computed by the receiver. When all six satellites are in tracking state, the HDOP lies in the range 1.4 – 2.1, as defined in the simulation scenario; on the contrary, as expected, in correspondence with a LoL it increases. Figure 6. HDOP computed by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Figure 7 compares the signal power generated by the simulator and the power estimated by the receiver, in the case of GPS PRN 7 and Galileo code number 23. This proves the tracking capability of the receiver also for high sensitivity. To deal with low-power signals, the integration time is extended both for GPS and for Galileo, using the pilot tracking mode in the latter case. Figure 7. C/N0 estimate computed by the receiver in harsh environments and compared with the signal power. Figures 8 and 9 show respectively the position and the velocity solution. In the first case latitude, longitude, and altitude are plotted, while in the second case the receiver speed estimate in km/h is reported. Figure 8. Test receiver position solution in LMS scenario. Figure 9. Test receiver velocity solution in LMS scenario. In this framework it is possible to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using the broadcast GGTO when computing a mixed GPS and Galileo position. When the LMS channel conditions are good, all six SVs in view are in tracking state, as shown in Figure 5. However, when the fading becomes important, the number is reduced to only two satellites. If the receiver is designed to extract the GGTO from the navigation message, then a PVT solution is possible also when only four satellites are in tracking state, that is for 90 percent of the time in this specific case. On the contrary, if the GGTO has to be estimated, one more satellite is required, and this condition is satisfied only 57 percent of the time, strongly reducing the probability of having a fix. Nevertheless, estimating the GGTO requires the correct demodulation of the navigation message, and this is possible only if the signal is good enough for a sufficient time. Figure 5. Number of satellites tracked by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Power-Saving Architectures The final driver for mass-market receivers design is represented by power consumption. Particularly for chips suited for portable devices running on batteries, power drain represents one of the most important design criteria. To reduce at maximum the power consumption, chip manufacturers have adopted various solutions. Most are based on the concept that, contrarily to a classic GNSS receiver, a mass-market receiver is not required to constantly compute a PVT solution. In fact, most of the time, GNSS chipsets for consumer devices are only required to keep updated information on approximate time and position and to download clock corrections and ephemeris data with a proper time rate, depending on the navigation message type and the adopted extended ephemeris algorithm. Then, when asked, the receiver can quickly provide a position fix. By reducing the computational load of the device during waiting mode, power consumption is reduced proportionally. To better understand advantages and disadvantages of power saving techniques, some of them have been studied and analyzed in detail. In particular, the algorithm implemented in the software receiver model is based on two different receiver states: an active state, in which all receiver parts are activated, as in a standard receiver, and a sleep state, where the receiver is not operating at all. In the sleep state, the GNSS RF module, GNSS baseband, and digital signal processor core are all switched off. By similarity to a square wave, these types of tracking algorithms are also called duty-cycle (DC) algorithms. Exploiting the software approach’s flexibility, we can test the effect of two important design parameters: sleep period length; minimum active period length. Their setting is not trivial and depends on the channel conditions, on the signal strength, on the number of satellites in view, on the user dynamics, and finally on the required accuracy. In the software receiver simulations performed, the active mode length is fixed to 64 ms: the receiver collects 16 correlation values with coherent integration time equal to 4 ms, to perform frequency estimation as described above. Then it switches to sleep state for 936 ms, until a real-time clock (RTC) wake-up initiates the next full-power state. In this way a fix is available at the rate of 1 s, as summarized in Figure 10. However, there are some situations where the receiver may stay in full-power mode, for example during the initialization phase, to collect important data from the navigation message, such as the ephemeris, and to perform RTC calibration. Figure 10. Duty cycle tracking pattern in the software receiver simulations. There are benefits of using this approach coupled to Galileo signals: the main impact is the usage of the pilot codes. Indeed, a longer integration time allows reducing the active period length, which most impacts the total power consumption, being usually performed at higher repetition rate. Some simulations were carried out to assess the performance of DC algorithms in the software receiver. While in hardware implementations the direct benefit is the power computation, in a software implementation it is not possible to see such an improvement. The reduced power demand is translated into a shorter processing time for each single-processing channel. The DC approach can facilitate the implementation of a real-time or quasi-real-time software receiver. The main drawback of using techniques based on DC tracking is the decrease of the rate of observables and PVT solution. However, this depends on the application; for some, a solution every second is more than enough. Real-Signal Results On March 12, 2013, for the first time  the four Galileo IOV satellites were broadcasting a valid navigation message at the same time. From 9:02 CET, all the satellites were visible at ESTEC premises, and the first position fix of latitude, longitude, and altitude took place at the TEC Navigation Laboratory at ESTEC (ESA) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. At the same time, we were able to acquire, track, and compute one of the first Galileo-only mobile navigation solutions, using the receiver under test. Thanks to its small size and portability, it was installed on a mobile test platform, embedded in ESA’s Telecommunications and Navigation Testbed vehicle. Using a network connection, we could follow, from the Navigation Lab, the real-time position of the van moving around ESTEC. Figure 11 shows the van’s track, obtained by post processing NMEA data stored by the receiver evaluation board. The accuracy achieved in these tests met all the theoretical expectations, taking into account the limited infrastructure deployed so far. In addition, the results obtained with the receiver have to be considered preliminary, since its firmware supporting Galileo was in an initial test phase (for example, absence of a proper ionospheric model, E1B-only tracking). Figure 11. Galileo-only mobile fix, computed on March 12, 2013. Conclusions Analysis of a receiver’s test results confirms the theoretical benefits of Galileo OS signals concerning TTFF and sensitivity. Future work will include the evolution of the software receiver model and a detailed analysis of power-saving tracking capabilities, with a comparison of duty-cycle tracking techniques in open loop and in closed loop. Acknowledgments This article reflects solely the authors’ views and by no means represents official European Space Agency or Galileo views. The article is based on a paper first presented at ION GNSS+ 2013. Research and test campaigns related to this work took place in the framework of the ESA Education PRESTIGE programme, thanks to the facilities provided by the ESA TEC-ETN section. The LMS multipath channel model was developed in the frame of the MiLADY project, funded by the ARTES5.1 Programme of the ESA Telecommunications and Integrated Applications Directorate. Manufacturers The tests described here used the STMicroelectronics Teseo II receiver chipset and a Spirent signal simulator. Nicola Linty is a Ph.D. student in electronics and telecommunications at Politecnico di Torino. In 2013 he held an internship at the European Space Research and Technology Centre of ESA. Paolo Crosta is a radio navigation system engineer at the ESA TEC Directorate where he provides support to the EGNOS and Galileo programs. He received a MSc degree in telecommunications engineering from the University of Pisa. Philip G. Mattos received an external Ph.D. on his GPS work from Bristol University. He leads the STMicroelectronics team on L1C and BeiDou implementation, and the creation of totally generic hardware that can handle even future unknown systems. Fabio Pisoni has been with the GNSS System Team at STMicroelectronics since 2009. He received a master’s degree in electronics from Politecnico di Milano, Italy.

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Power grid control through pc scada,access to the original key is only needed for a short moment.control electrical devices from your android phone,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.binary fsk signal (digital signal),energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,we just need some specifications for project planning,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,whether voice or data communication.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days.integrated inside the briefcase,single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,to duplicate a key with immobilizer,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system.3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,temperature controlled system,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max.20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,solutions can also be found for this,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.computer rooms or any other government and military office.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,dtmf controlled home automation system.thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication.livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,due to the high total output power,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.

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They are based on a so-called „rolling code“.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days,with its highest output power of 8 watt.by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,please see the details in this catalogue,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.overload protection of transformer.the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.all mobile phones will indicate no network,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm),5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.automatic changeover switch,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,this system considers two factors,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,this is done using igbt/mosfet,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions,in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.– transmitting/receiving antenna,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz.synchronization channel (sch).so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,2100-2200 mhztx output power,three circuits were shown here.

Selectable on each band between 3 and 1,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.control electrical devices from your android phone.impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.there are many methods to do this,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices).1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g).here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,the proposed design is low cost,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile,it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.40 w for each single frequency band,90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,< 500 maworking temperature.mainly for door and gate control,wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,automatic telephone answering machine,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.frequency scan with automatic jamming.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements.we have designed a system having no match.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.

A digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,accordingly the lights are switched on and off,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way.and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,230 vusb connectiondimensions,smoke detector alarm circuit,several noise generation methods include.this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.but also for other objects of the daily life.and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.with the antenna placed on top of the car,religious establishments like churches and mosques,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.armoured systems are available,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,scada for remote industrial plant operation.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,this was done with the aid of the multi meter.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,building material and construction methods.commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,completely autarkic and mobile,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,one is the light intensity of the room,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,overload protection of transformer,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,three circuits were shown here,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,go through the paper for more information,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius,the unit requires a 24 v power supply.

This project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,auto no break power supply control,auto no break power supply control,frequency band with 40 watts max,the systems applied today are highly encrypted,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna.these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.wireless mobile battery charger circuit.components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2.a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.whether in town or in a rural environment,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment..