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Permanent Link to How GPS and GLONASS got together — and other recent events |
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The recent broadcast of the first CDMA signal from the new GLONASS-K satellite culminates a long series of events that began in 1989. A key participant gives a first-hand account of the history of many meetings, formal and informal, that created true interoperability between the two major satellite systems, giving users a modern GNSS in action.
October 18, 1989, the Queen Elizabeth Auditorium in London, around 8:30 am. Unknown to me, two 60-minute periods were about to imprint themselves indelibly on my memory.
I walked up the stairs to the exhibition booth of my company, Ashtech, at The Royal Institute of Navigation conference. My good friend, the late Ann Beatty, met me and asked, “Any news from home?”
I thought it was just a casual customary question, and replied: “Thanks, all OK.” She had a strange look on her face. She continued: “Are all your family really OK?” I replied again: “Thanks, all good.” She then realized that I had no clue about the cataclysmic event that had hit the San Francisco Bay area. She abruptly said, “Don’t you know? The big one came! The big earthquake hit San Francisco!”
Californians know the rumors that when The Big One comes, Nevada will have ocean frontage. Now she was telling me that The Big One came! I rushed to the phone, and the recorded AT&T message said, “All lines to your area are out of service.” It took me another hour to find out that this was not yet The Big One, and that my family was safe. I will never forget these 60 minutes of my life. Never!
Nor will I ever forget the events of the next 60 minutes.
After the stress had settled a bit, a delegation from the Russian Space Agency visited our booth. First they expressed their sympathy regarding the earthquake. Then we discussed GPS technology and its similarities with GLONASS. Both systems were fairly new then, although GPS had started first, with a Block I launch in 1978, followed by GLONASS with a launch in 1982. At the time we met in London, GPS was flying 12 satellites, and GLONASS also had 12 in orbit.
The Russian delegation visited all GPS manufacturers’ booths in the exhibition hall and then gathered in the coffee area for their private discussions. A few hours before the conference closed, they returned to our booth and said, “We want to combine GPS and GLONASS, and you are our first choice.” Simply put, I was fascinated and excited.
After working out visa and travel details, four months later I arrived in Moscow in the cold days of February 1990. It was still the Soviet Union.
I had grown up in Iran where the U.S.S.R. was our neighbor to the north. Remembering the global political landscape of my childhood days, I felt both fascination and fear as my airplane landed at Moscow airport.
Upon meeting the people who greeted me at the airport, my fears disappeared, and my fascination grew stronger.
Our first formal meeting took place in the Institute of Space Device Engineering (ISDE), a division of the Russian Space Agency that was responsible for the GLONASS program. The opening photo shows me with the late Dr. Nikolay Yemelianovich Ivanov, director of the GLONASS program, at that first meeting.
I want to focus a bit on the GLONASS team and applaud them for their efforts. What makes the GLONASS team special is that they worked under much harder political and financial conditions than the GPS or Galileo teams. But still they were able to make the project successful. The Soviet Union and later Russia went through huge political, economic, social, and geographical revolutions, but the GLONASS team managed to keep the satellite navigation program alive and successful.
Galileo’s management, while enjoying much more stability and financial luxury, can certainly appreciate and understand the significance of what the GLONASS team accomplished. Galileo also benefitted from the European integration of 27 countries, while the Soviet Union disintegrated into 15 separate nations.
Despite all their heroic work, individuals on the GLONASS team have received almost no international recognition. At home they went unnoticed, due to their political situations. For example, the highest international recognition that Dr. Ivanov received was that he became a member of the GPS World Advisory Board, which I facilitated. In this article, I want to salute some members that I know and at least keep their names and photos recorded in the GPS World archives.
In the first meeting, everyone recognized and emphasized the great potential of combining GPS and GLONASS for a variety of applications. I became more assured of the deep desires of my hosts to make this happen. They had prepared detailed charts and plans, especially for high-precision applications. They also gave me the GLONASS Interface Control Document (ICD) for the first time.
We signed a cooperation protocol and agreed to explore technical details in our next meeting, which occurred a few months later. There I began to know Dr. Stanislav “Stas” Ulianovich Sila-Navitsky, at that time the chief scientist of Dr. Ivanov’s team. Later he became my vice president in three companies that I founded. He also became my best friend of 19 years, before he passed away on May 7, 2010.
We had several meetings in Moscow and one in Paris in the headquarters of our partner SAGEM.
I have wonderful memories of all the meetings. One meeting in Paris included General Leonid Ivanovich Gusev, the head of ISDE. One evening Stas called my hotel room and asked me to cancel our dinner at a famous French restaurant and instead join them for a “real dinner.” Apparently General Gusev was tired of French food! The real dinner took place in the General’s hotel room, and the menu consisted of dark Russian bread, Russian kielbasa sausage, Russian seledka herring, and an abundance of Russian vodka.
Our first announcement of combining GPS and GLONASS was published in GPS World magazine, in only its second issue, March/April 1990. That year we had a poster banner in our Institute of Navigation exhibition, showing the American flag and the Soviet flag (hammer and sickle) next to each other. My very good friend, Colonel Gaylord Green, the second director of the GPS Joint Program Office, refused to have his picture taken with me in front of that banner. Instead, we stood over to another side of the booth for his photo.
A few months after the Paris meeting, the political process known as perestroika began and caused the Soviet Union to end. Life became extremely difficult for Russians.
I called Stas to discuss the situation. We concluded that we had no choice but to continue the plan on our own if we wanted to combine GPS and GLONASS. I went back to Moscow several times, and in February 1992 officially opened the Moscow office of Ashtech. This office is still operational in Moscow with about 10 percent of the original team. It is now in the process of being purchased by Trimble Navigation. What a turn of events!
In 1996 we introduced the first combined GPS and GLONASS receiver; the product announcement appeared in GPS World, July 1996
Back home in the United States, the situation was different. Supporting GLONASS was an unpatriotic act. The most prominent figures of GPS teased me for wasting my time with GLONASS. The news favored their arguments: the Russian economy was going downhill. In September 1998, the Russian ruble collapsed more than 300 percent within a week. Banks closed. Even Coca Cola was not able to pay its employees in Russia because of bank closures. Many western companies left Russia. During that period, I intentionally stayed longer times in Moscow and managed to pay our employees without a day of delay. Furthermore, a more than three-fold rate change in favor of the dollar made our employees relatively rich, because their salaries were based on the U.S. dollar.
I remained confident that GLONASS would succeed because I had seen the enthusiasm and dedication of GLONASS management and engineers.
My Ashtech partners wanted to take the company public to recoup their investments. They thought Wall Street would negatively view GLONASS and the Russian connection. So my aspiration did not match theirs, and I started Javad Positioning System (JPS) in 1996. About 90 percent of the staff engineers followed me to JPS.
One of John Scully’s vice presidents did to Ashtech what Scully did to Apple. Meanwhile JPS became very successful, as Apple did when Steve Jobs returned.
Subsequent to another event and termination of some obligations and commitments, I started JAVAD GNSS in June 2007. Almost all of the key people followed me again. Our current team has a history of working together for close to 20 years.
In JAVAD GNSS we raised the bar of GPS/GLONASS integration to a higher level and focused in two new directions. The first was to eliminate the problem of GLONASS inter-channel biases, which is inherent to the GLONASS frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) signal structure. The second was to support the opinion of GLONASS engineers who were pushing for a new code-division multiple access (CDMA) signal for GLONASS, similar to the GPS signal.
We resolved the GLONASS inter-channel biases issue around 2009 and announced, “Our GLONASS is as good as GPS.”
On the second front, we worked with the top managements of ISDE and the Information Analysis Center (IAC) of the Russian Space Center to demonstrate the advantages of CDMA for high-precision applications.
Some years ago, Stas had confided in me that the issue of CDMA was nothing new, and had been extensively deliberated at all levels of various GLONASS organizations during the early design phase of the system. The result of all these discussions was that engineers and technical people favored CDMA, but the higher management, mostly influenced by the military organizations, held out for FDMA. The reason for favoring FDMA is still a secret, though some believe that they just wanted to be different from GPS and did not see much advantage in CDMA. Some also believed FDMA gave better jamming protection.
Of course in those very early days, no one imagined using GPS or GLONASS for high-precision applications, and as such truly there was not much difference between CDMA and FDMA. Much later, the notion of using carrier phase of GPS and GLONASS signals for high-precision applications was discovered, and then the advantages of CDMA became relevant, as Dr. Ivanov also hinted in our first meeting.
After we combined GPS and GLONASS, and as a lot of our worldwide users began comparing the two systems, the issue of CDMA versus FDMA again came up for discussion among the GLONASS authorities.
More recently, since 2007, we had several meetings in the offices of ISDE in Moscow, in IAC in Korolev (the Russian Space City), and several in our JAVAD GNSS office in Moscow. Most importantly, we had several meetings in my Moscow apartment, enhanced by Russian vodka and the best Armenian cognac, courtesy of Sergey Revnivykh, head of IAC. All meetings were open and candid, discussing and demonstrating the advantages of CDMA, in support of the ISDE engineers who were reluctant to express their opinion above certain levels.
I also met with the head of the Russian Space Agency, Dr. Anatoly Nikolayevich Perminov, who personally supported and sponsored me in obtaining an extended Russian residency visa. Let me also express my appreciation for receiving the Medal of Honor from the Russian Cosmonauts Federation, along with the official astronaut watch. I don’t understand the reason for receiving a Kalashnikov AK-47 semi-automatic rifle from ISDE for my birthday. I wonder how I can transport it home!
General Anatoly Shilov (deputy director of the Russian Space Center), Dr. Vicheslav Dvorkin (GLONASS deputy general designer), Sergey Revnivykh, Viktor Kosenko (first deputy of chief GLONASS designer) and Sergey Karutin (GLONASS senior scientist) are the new generation of GLONASS leaders who deserve credit for supporting CDMA on GLONASS. Recently, a new GLONASS-K sat-ellite was launched, transmitting an experimental CDMA signal in addition to the legacy signals. Almost immediately, we announced tracking of the new GLONASS-K satellite and its new L3 signal details, hours after it started transmitting. See GPS World archives and our website for details of this signal which seems, in all aspects, as good as GPS.
Another new issue of significant international concern was a new frequency for GLONASS. This issue was more political than technical, and is discussed under the umbrella of interoperability.
In the early days of my frequent travels to Russia, the KGB probably suspected that I was a CIA agent — and the CIA probably suspected that I was a KGB agent! I would not be surprised if both the CIA and KGB monitored every bit of my travels and activities. After some years, the San Francisco airport authorities stopped interrogating me for my activities in Russia any time I came back home. Perhaps because of their deep investigations, I earned the trust and friendship of both sides, and their confidence that I had nothing in mind other than helping to integrate GPS and GLONASS. I was an unofficial member and friend of both U.S. and Russian delegations during the so-called interoperability discussions since 2007, which sometimes touched on the CDMA issue as well.
Some of the most fruitful and friendly discussions between the U.S. and Russian delegations occurred in my apartment in Moscow, after their official meetings. Ken Hodgkins of U.S. State Department; Mike Shaw, director of the National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Coordination Office; David Turner, director of the Center for Space Policy & Strategy; Scott Feairheller of the U.S. Air Force; and Tom Stansell, consultant to the GPS Wing were some of my honored guests.
The new GLONASS frequency discussions are still in progress, and I am proud to host and support both sides the best that I can. Sometimes it is fun to observe that discussions resemble poker games where hands are known to all sides, but players still try to bluff each other! Let’s leave it at that for now.
In May of this year, I had a conversation with General Anatoly Shilov, now second-in-command of the Russian Space Agency, reporting to the first deputy of the minister of defense, General Vladimir Popovkin, who recently replaced Dr. Perminov as head of the Russian Space Center. This is an indication of increased attention and support from the Russian government to its GLONASS program. In our conversation, General Shilov was enthusiastic and optimistic that the GLONASS program will move forward faster.
GLONASS has proven to be a real and reliable complement to GPS. If it were not for the failure of the launch of three GLONASS satellites in December 2010, its constellation would be complete and fully, globally operational today. It will happen soon. Sergey Revnivykh estimates that currently the system has 99.8 percent global coverage.
Today, a truly reliable and fast RTK is not possible without combining GPS and GLONASS satellites.
The most recent testimony to the success of GLONASS comes from the long-time GLONASS opponents who once criticized me for supporting the system. Recently they had to pay a lot of money to acquire the first company that I founded in Moscow, which they believed would never survive.
This year at JAVAD GNSS, I and most of my original employees and GLONASS designers are celebrating our 20th year in Russia, and we are working harder to make the integration of GPS and GLONASS even better.
On May 7, 2010, Stas lost to leukemia. He was not present to witness the successful introduction of our TRIUMPH-VS receivers. My refrigerators in Moscow are full of medicines that he brought for me any time I had a little cold. I miss him a lot, and our team is dedicated to following the path that Stas loved so much.
I want to briefly summarize the current status and the future of GPS and GLONASS from the users’ point of view.
GLONASS now has 24 satellites transmitting FDMA signals in two frequency bands. The failure in the last launch to deploy three more satellites delayed completion of the constellation to the end of 2011. The good thing about GLONASS is that both of its L1 and L2 signals are not encrypted and give better data than GPS P1 and P2 that are encrypted.
GLONASS is considering a plan to add CDMA signals to all satellites and not suffer from inter-channel biases. But it will take about 10 years for this plan to become complete for public use, even if the plan is approved and followed. At JAVAD GNSS, we have already mitigated the effect of GLONASS inter-channel biases to the accuracy of better than 0.2 millimeters. We made GLONASS FDMA the same as GPS CDMA by adding some innovations (patent pending) and enhanced algorithms.
The GPS plan is to add a third frequency signal (called L5) and add an unencrypted signal in L2. But it will take several years to have enough new satellites transmitting these new signals to make them usable for daily work.
In the near term, we have two complete systems, consisting of about 30 GPS and 27 GLONASS satellites. The current non-encrypted GLONASS signals give it an edge over the current GPS encrypted signals, given the fact that we have mitigated the GLONASS FDMA inter-channel biases.
GLONASS is also enhancing its control segment to better monitor GLONASS satellites and improve the system’s clock and orbit parameters. Most of these errors are cancelled in differential and high-precision applications anyway.
Existence of two complete and free systems, GPS and GLONASS, will place some doubt on the future of Galileo, as it will be extremely difficult for Galileo to hope to collect money from users to fund itself. The addition of Galileo, as a third system, will not really add much benefit for users anyway. The only push for deploying Galileo must come from some European military organizations to support their specific interest.
I have been extremely fortunate also to have had the opportunity to work on GPS from its early days, co-pioneering high-precision applications at Trimble Navigation. I owe a lot to Charlie Trimble, who helped me to lift myself up when I sought refuge in the United States in 1981. He taught me GPS as well as dedication in business. I also benefitted from Sunday meetings with Dr. Bradford Parkinson, the first program director of GPS, who was and still is a board member of Trimble Navigation. I am curious to find out how Brad, as a board member, voted in the recent matter of the purchase of Ashtech. Since leaving Trimble, my innovative products at Ashtech, JPS, and JAVAD GNSS have been well documented through the years in GPS World.
My emphasis on GLONASS in this memoir is only to record some histories and recognize GLONASS and some of its pioneers who were often overlooked. GPS is already a well-known, well-established system and is the backbone of GNSS.
As a final note, let me add that our current JAVAD GNSS products have the option of tracking all current and future signals of GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, and Galileo. Yes, Galileo too!
_________________________
9z_WUx4f2b@mail.com
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Permanent Link to How GPS and GLONASS got together — and other recent events |
Registered: 2021/03/30
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blinder laser jammer store2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,control electrical devices from your android phone,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,0°c – +60°crelative humidity,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller.1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac,cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,power grid control through pc scada.wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems,smoke detector alarm circuit,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way.the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,5% – 80%dual-band output 900,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.check your local laws before using such devices,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,are suitable means of camouflaging,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity.churches and mosques as well as lecture halls.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.it employs a closed-loop control technique,religious establishments like churches and mosques,intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft).to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,scada for remote industrial plant operation,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,temperature controlled system,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,temperature controlled system,integrated inside the briefcase,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,solutions can also be found for this,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005.all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.
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20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use,micro controller based ac power controller.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.its total output power is 400 w rms.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.vswr over protectionconnections.the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first).over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.go through the paper for more information,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code).2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted.clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,depending on the already available security systems,we are providing this list of projects.thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,whether in town or in a rural environment.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.this project shows a temperature-controlled system.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones.it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.please visit the highlighted article.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,the data acquired is displayed on the pc.with the antenna placed on top of the car,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.with its highest output power of 8 watt.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.
Whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,< 500 maworking temperature,2100-2200 mhztx output power.protection of sensitive areas and facilities,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,variable power supply circuits,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements.we are providing this list of projects,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them.– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes.the vehicle must be available,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements.upon activation of the mobile jammer,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,power grid control through pc scada.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.overload protection of transformer,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g).50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.but also for other objects of the daily life,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,bomb threats or when military action is underway,frequency scan with automatic jamming,selectable on each band between 3 and 1.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers,this system considers two factors,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.department of computer scienceabstract,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.accordingly the lights are switched on and off.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,military camps and public places.an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max.2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.
The pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged.programmable load shedding,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,several possibilities are available,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random.9 v block battery or external adapter,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,upon activating mobile jammers,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz.where shall the system be used.a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,band selection and low battery warning led,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.wireless mobile battery charger circuit,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,automatic changeover switch.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices.frequency band with 40 watts max.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,40 w for each single frequency band,we have designed a system having no match.morse key or microphonedimensions.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,1 w output powertotal output power.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries.the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,.
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