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LocataLite installation showing Jps transceiver tower. Locata Fills Satellite Availability Holes in Obstructed Environments By Chris Rizos, Nunzio Gambale, and  Brendon Lilly An integrated GNSS+Locata system installed on drills, shovels, and bulldozers — the full complement of high-precision machines on site — at Australia’s Newmont Boddington Gold Mine has increased positioning accuracy and availability, as well as mine operational efficiencies, demonstrating an improvement in availability over GNSS-only of 75.3 to 98.7 percent. Many of the new paradigms in mining have at their core the requirement for reliable, continuous centimeter-level positioning accuracy to enable increased automation of mining operations. The deployment of precision systems for navigating, controlling, and monitoring machinery such as drills, bulldozers, draglines, and shovels with real-time position information increases operational efficiency, and the automation reduces the need for workers to be exposed to hazardous conditions. GPS singly, and GNSS collectively, despite their accuracy and versatility, cannot satisfy the stringent requirements for many applications in mine surveying, and mine machine guidance and control. Increasingly, open-cut mines are getting deeper, reducing the sky-view angle necessary for GNSS to operate satisfactorily. A new terrestrial high-accuracy positioning system can augment GNSS with additional terrestrial signals to enable centimeter-level accuracy, even when there are insufficient GNSS (GPS+GLONASS) satellite signals in view for reliable positioning and navigation. Locata relies on a network of synchronized ground-based transceivers that transmit positioning signals that can be tracked by suitably equipped user receivers. In September 2012, Leica Geosystems launched the first commercial product integrating GNSS and Locata capabilities into a single high-accuracy and high-availability positioning device for open-cut mine machine automation applications: Leica Jigsaw Positioning System (Jps) – Powered by Locata. This article describes technical aspects of this technology and presents positioning results of actual mine operations. In the near future — perhaps by 2020 — the number of GNSS and augmentation system satellites useful for high-accuracy positioning will increase to almost 150, with perhaps six times the number of broadcast signals on which carrier phase and pseudorange measurements can be made. However, the most severe limitation of GNSS performance will still remain: the accuracy of positioning deteriorates very rapidly when the user receiver loses direct view of the satellites. This typically occurs in deep open-cut mines as well as in skyscraper-dominated urban canyons. Locata’s positioning technology solution provides an option either to augment GNSS with extra terrestrial signals, or to replace GNSS entirely. Locata relies on a network of synchronized ground-based transceivers (LocataLites) that transmit positioning signals that can be tracked by suitably equipped user receivers. These transceivers form a network (LocataNet) that can operate in combination with GNSS, or entirely independent of GNSS. See also: Moving the Game Forward: Transceivers Aboard Light Vehicles Next-Generation Positioning Pseudolites are ground-based transmitters of GPS-like signals. Most pseudolites developed to date transmit signals at the GPS frequency bands. Both pseudorange and carrier-phase measurements can be made on the pseudolite signals. The use of pseudolites can be traced back to the early stages of GPS development in the late 1970s, when they were used to validate the GPS concept before launch of the first GPS satellites. In 1997, Locata Corporation began developing a technology to provide an alternate local GPS signal capability that would overcome many of the limitations of pseudolite-based positioning systems by using a time-synchronized transceiver. The LocataLite transmits GPS-like positioning signals but also can receive, track, and process signals from other LocataLites. A network of LocataLites forms a LocataNet, and the first-generation system transmitted signals using the same L1 frequency as GPS. Time-synchronized signals allow carrier-phase single-point positioning with centimeter-level accuracy for a mobile unit. In effect, the LocataNet is a new constellation of signals, with some unique features such as having no base station data requirement, requiring no wireless data link from reference station to mobile receiver, and no requirement for measurement double-differencing. Improvements dating from 2005 use a proprietary signal transmission structure that operates in the license-free Industry Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (2.4–2.4835GHz), known globally as the Wi-Fi band. Within this ISM band, the LocataLite design allows for the transmission of two frequencies, each modulated with two spatially-diverse PRN codes. From the beginning the driver for the Locata technology was to develop a centimeter-level accuracy positioning system that could complement, or replace, conventional RTK-GNSS in environments such as open-cut mines, deep valleys, heavily forested areas, urban and even indoor locations, where obstruction of satellite-based signals occurs. Leica Geosystems has been testing Locata in the Newmont Boddington Gold Mine (NBG) in Western Australia for several years. In 2006, NBG started installing Leica Geosystems high-precision GPS-based guidance systems for fleet management. The mine operators determined early on that as the pit grew deeper, they would need an alternative positioning system for these guidance systems to continue working for the life of the mine. In March 2012, Leica Geosystems deployed a world-first production version of its Jigsaw Positioning system, integrating GNSS+Locata, at the NBG mine. Expected to become Australia’s largest gold producer, the mine consists of two pits (Figure 1). The North Pit at NBG is currently about 1 kilometer long, 600 meters wide, and now approaching 275 meters deep. Figure 1. Location of 12 LocataLites at NBG Mine. Figure 2. The Newmont Boddington pit, 900 feet deep and going deeper all the time, creates difficulties for GNSS equipment positioning the mine’s heavy machinery. A single LocataNet consisting of 12 LocataLites was deployed during April and May 2012 in an initial installation designed to cover both pits in the mine. The results presented here are taken from tests in the North Pit. Leica’s version of the LocataLite is solar-powered and designed to be placed in the best locations to achieve the maximum benefit. As no special consideration for the location of a transmitter base station is required, the LocataLites can be placed in areas on the rim of the pit or just above the machines operating in the pit floor. The only set-up requirement is that they are able to see at least one other LocataLite to synchronize their transmissions to around 1 nanosecond or better throughout the mine. Each Jps transmit tower has four small patch antennas mounted in an array. The uppermost is a GNSS antenna used to self-survey the top of the tower, and hence derive the positions of the other antennas below it on the tower. The Locata transmit 1 antenna is mounted directly under the GNSS antenna. The Locata receive antenna is directly under that, and the Locata transmit 2 antenna is around two meters lower down on the tower. All the antennas are separated by a known distance, and the LocataLite transmit antennas can be tilted down into the pit to maximize the signal broadcast into the area. Each LocataLite transmits four independent positioning signals, two signals from each transmit antenna. These signals provide a level of redundancy and greatly assist in the mitigation of multipath problems in the pit, thereby contributing to the robustness and reliability of the positioning solution. Jps receivers were first installed on two production drill rigs in April 2012. Installation on drills was the highest priority because they are the machines at NBG that operate closest to pit walls and other obstructions, and therefore stood to benefit most from having more reliable positioning. Each Jps receiver incorporates two GNSS and two Locata receivers (Figure 3). One GNSS and Locata receiver pair is connected to a co-located antenna on one side of the machine and the other GNSS and Locata receiver pair is connected to the other co-located antenna. The GNSS receivers obtain their RTK corrections from an RTK base station. The Locata receivers do not require any corrections. The system uses the NMEA outputs from both pairs of receivers to determine the position and heading of the drill rig for navigation purposes. Figure 3. Jps receiver with integrated GNSS and Locata receivers and two receiver antennas. The goal of the Jps receiver is to improve the availability of high-accuracy RTK positions with fixed carrier phase integer ambiguities. The results presented here are therefore divided into three sections: Improvements in availability over a two-month period for all the data in the North Pit. Improvements in availability for an area in the pit where the GNSS savings are expressed in dollar terms. Accuracy results achieved and maintained in this GNSS-degraded area. The performance results shown here are real-world samples of the system operating on drills at NBG. However, it will be appreciated that GNSS satellites are in constant motion, so GNSS-only position availability in different parts of the pit changes by the hour. The results therefore only apply to those drills in those positions in the pit at that time. Another drill a little distance away in the same pit could experience far better or far worse GNSS availability at exactly the same time. Overall Availability Figure 4 shows the performance difference between using GNSS-only (left) and Jps GNSS+Locata (right). The data for these plots was recorded for the two drills that contained the Jps receiver in the North Pit during the months of April and May 2012. A green dot represents the time the receiver had a RTK fixed solution, and a red dot represents all other lower-quality position solutions — essentially when the receiver was unable to achieve the required RTK accuracy because of insufficient GNSS signals or geometry. Figure 4. Plots of availability and position quality in the North Pit at NBG for April and May 2012 for GNSS (left) and Jps (right). Green = RTK (fixed) solution, Red = all lesser quality solutions. Although the availability of GNSS-only RTK fixed position solutions was reasonably good over this entire area, being at the 92.3 percent level at that time, the Jps nevertheless provided a measurable improvement of 6.5 percent to availability, bringing it up to 98.8 percent. Considering that during those two months, the two drills spent a total of 72.24 operational days in the North Pit, this improvement equates to nearly 4.7 days or 112.7 hours of additional guidance availability. Figure 5 highlights the low positional quality for the GNSS-only solutions and how Jps significantly improved the availability in areas of limited GNSS satellite visibility. Figure 5. Plots showing non-RTK quality positions, demonstrating that Jps can help reduce lesser-quality RTK solutions. (Performance in the circled area is highlighted in more detail in Figure 6.) Availability in Poor GNSS Visibility The ellipse in Figure 5 highlights a particular location in the North Pit where GNSS positioning consistently struggles due to the presence of the northern wall and to a lesser extent from the eastern wall. The integration of GNSS and Locata signals improved availability as shown in Figure 6, which in this case increased by 23.4 percent. Figure 6. Zoomed-in area where GNSS performance was poor between May 2 and May 4, 2012. The circled area shows where the accuracy tests were performed. As the machine downtime due to not having a RTK position costs the mine approximately U.S. $1000 per hour for each drill, the improvement in availability of 112.7 hours for just the two drills shown in Figure 5 over the two months equates to a savings of $112,700 in operational costs. This productivity increase is significant, considering that the GNSS-only availability in this case still seems relatively good at 92.3 percent. If the GNSS availability for those two months was more like 75 percent — as was the case shown in Figure 6 for the two days in May — then the cost savings become far greater, approaching nearly $400,000, for just two drills over two months. Even a small increase in productivity brings a significant financial benefit ($110,000 per hour) when all 11 drill rigs running in the mine are affected by loss of GNSS positioining availability, yet continue to operate with Jps. Today all 11 drills in the pits have been fitted with the Jps GNSS+Locata Receivers. As a point of reference to emphasize the level of operational savings: if the Jps had been fitted to all 11 drills during the April and May 2012 period shown in the above results, the cost savings at that time would have been on the order of $1,000,000. It is clear that the savings in production costs that can be gained from improving the availability to the fleet guidance system has a significant impact on the return-on-investment, potentially covering the installation costs within months of deployment. It should also be emphasized that as the pits get deeper, GNSS availability will only degrade further, and the evident production and dollar benefits of the integrated GNSS+Locata system become even larger. Relative Accuracy The above levels of improvement in availability are of no benefit if the position accuracy is not maintained within acceptable limits. In order to compare the relative accuracy between the two systems, a dataset was taken from the same data above (circle in Figure 6) when the machine was stationary. The average position difference between the GNSS-only and Jps receivers for the hour-long dataset was 1.2 centimeters horizontally and 2.7 cm in the vertical component (Table 1). The spread of the position solutions for the two receivers were comparable in the horizontal, with Jps providing a slightly better horizontal RMS value due to the extra Locata signals being tracked and the stronger overall geometry. Additionally, Jps showed a better RMS in the vertical compared to GNSS-only. Table 1. Comparison of relative accuracy and RMS between the GNSS-only and GNSS+Locata solutions. Figure 7a shows the spread of horizontal positions for the Jps receiver, where 0,0 is the mean horizontal position during this time. Note that all the positions are grouped within +/-2 cm of the mean without any outliers. Figure 7b shows the corresponding spread in the vertical positions. These are well within the acceptable accuracy limits required by the machine guidance systems used at the mine. Figure 7A. Scatter plot of the positions from the Jps receiver over a period of over an hour. Figure 7B. Vertical error for same sample set as Figure 7a. Concluding Remarks Based on the experiences at Newmont Boddington Gold, use of Jps has improved the operational availability of open-pit drilling machines by at least 6.5 percent by reducing the outages in 3D positioning caused by poor GNSS satellite visibility commonly associated with deep pits. When Jps is subjected to much harsher conditions closer to high walls, the Jps continues to perform and the improvement in availability compared to GNSS-only is more significant while still maintaining RTK-GNSS levels of accuracy. The additional availability achieved translates directly into cost savings in production for the mine. Acknowledgments The first author acknowledges the support on the Australian Research Council grants that have supported research into pseudolites and Locata: LP0347427 “An Augmented-GPS Software Receiver for Indoor/Outdoor Positioning,” LP0560910 “Network Design & Management of a Pseudolite and GPS Based Ubiquitous Positioning System,” LP0668907 “Structural Deformation Monitoring Integrating a New Wireless Positioning Technology with GPS,” DP0773929 “A Combined Inertial, Satellite & Terrestrial Signal Navigation Device for High Accuracy Positioning & Orientation of Underground Imaging Systems.” The authors also thank the many people that have contributed to the development of the Leica Jps product. The Leica Geosystems Machine Control Core and CAL teams in Brisbane and Switzerland, other Hexagon companies such as Antcom Corporation and NovAtel, the Locata team in Canberra and the United States, and the people at Newmont Boddington Gold that have gone out of their way to make this a success. Chris Rizos is a professor of geodesy and navigation at the University of New South Wales; president of the International Association of Geodesy; a member of the Executive and Governing Board of the International GNSS Service (IGS), and co-chair of the Multi-GNSS Asia Steering Committee. Nunzio Gambale is co-founder and CEO of Locata Corporation, and represents the team of engineers who invented and developed Locata. Brendon Lilly is the product manager for the Leica Jps product at Leica Geosystems Mining and has worked for more than 20 years in both software and hardware product development. He has a Ph.D. from Griffith University.

make phone jammer work

Designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented.it can be placed in car-parks.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,integrated inside the briefcase.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.even temperature and humidity play a role,power grid control through pc scada,all these functions are selected and executed via the display.

– transmitting/receiving antenna,auto no break power supply control.the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,whether copying the transponder.vswr over protectionconnections,control electrical devices from your android phone,this combined system is the right choice to protect such locations.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.when the mobile jammers are turned off,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.variable power supply circuits.based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm.

High voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,this task is much more complex.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands.an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band,check your local laws before using such devices,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,there are many methods to do this,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.

Phase sequence checker for three phase supply.this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,where shall the system be used.exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor.several noise generation methods include.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,mainly for door and gate control,the proposed design is low cost,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,whether in town or in a rural environment.information including base station identity,go through the paper for more information,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.

And frequency-hopping sequences,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.accordingly the lights are switched on and off.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.armoured systems are available.department of computer scienceabstract,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,9 v block battery or external adapter.noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1,also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.

We would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,binary fsk signal (digital signal),it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,we are providing this list of projects,impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges.20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.to duplicate a key with immobilizer,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.automatic changeover switch,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,all mobile phones will indicate no network.

This is done using igbt/mosfet.it employs a closed-loop control technique.thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,are suitable means of camouflaging.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,we are providing this list of projects,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,this system considers two factors,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,presence of buildings and landscape,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.

2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,depending on the vehicle manufacturer,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.upon activating mobile jammers.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,1 w output powertotal output power,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,2100-2200 mhztx output power,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,selectable on each band between 3 and 1.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.

This paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,weather and climatic conditions,provided there is no hand over.from the smallest compact unit in a portable,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location.livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,dtmf controlled home automation system,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,.