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By Steffen Thoelert, Johann Furthner, and Michael Meurer Future positioning and navigation applications of modernizing and newly established GNSSs will require a higher degree of signal accuracy and precision. Thus, rigorous and detailed analysis of the signal quality of recently launched satellites, including the discovery of any possible imperfections in their performance, will have important implications for future users. Global navigation satellite systems achieved amazing progress in 2012, with major milestones reached by the various navigation and augmentation systems, bringing new satellites and satellite generations into orbit. Since the complexity of the satellites and also the requirements for a precise and robust navigation increase consistently, all of the newly available signals of the existing or emerging navigation satellite systems must be analyzed in detail to characterize their performance and imperfections, as well as to predict possible consequences for user receivers. Since the signals are well below the noise floor, we use a specifically developed GNSS monitoring facility to characterize the signals. The core element of this monitoring facility is a 30-meter high-gain antenna at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) in Weilheim that raises GNSS signals well above the noise floor, permitting detailed analysis. In the course of this analysis, we found differences in the signal quality in the various generations of the Chinese navigation satellite system BeiDou, differences which influence the navigation performance. This article gives an overview of new navigation satellites in orbit. For selected satellites, a first signal analysis reveals important characteristics of these signals. The data acquisition of these space vehicles was performed shortly after the start of their signal transmission to get a first hint about the quality and behavior of the satellites. For more detailed analysis, these measurements should be repeated after the satellites become operational. Then the acquired high-gain antenna raw data in combination with a precise calibration could be used for a wider range of analyses: signal power, spectra, constellation diagrams, sample analysis, correlation functions, and codes to detect anomalies and assess the signal quality and consequently the impact at the user performance. Measurement Facility In the early 1970s, DLR built a 30-meter dish (Figure 1) for the HELIOS-A/B satellite mission at the DLR site Weilheim. These satellite missions were the first U.S./German interplanetary project. The two German-built space probes, HELIOS 1 (December 1974–March 1986) and HELIOS 2 (January 1976–January 1981), approached the Sun closer than the planet Mercury and closer than any space probe ever. Later, the antenna supported space missions Giotto, AMPTE, Equator-S, and other scientific experiments. Figure 1. 30-meter high-gain antenna. In 2005, the Institute of Communications and Navigation of the DLR established an independent monitoring station for analysis of GNSS signals. The 30-meter antenna was adapted with a newly developed broadband circular polarized feed. During preparation for the GIOVE-B in-orbit validation campaign in 2008, a new receiving chain including a new calibration system was installed at the antenna. Based on successful campaigns and new satellite of modernizing GPS and GLONASS, and GNSSs under construction — Galileo and COMPASS — the facility was renewed and updated again in 2011/2012. This renewal included not only an upgrade of the measurement system itself, but also refurbishment of parts of the high-gain antenna were refurbished. The antenna is a shaped Cassegrain system with an elevation over azimuth mount. The antenna has a parabolic reflector of 30 meters in diameter and a hyperbolic sub-reflector with a diameter of 4 meters. A significant benefit of this antenna is the direct access to the feed, which is located within an adjacent cabin (Figure 2). The L-band gain of this high-gain antenna is around 50 dB, the beam width is less than 0.5°. The position accuracy in azimuth and elevation direction is 0.001°. The maximum rotational speed of the whole antenna is 1.5°/second in azimuth and 1.0°/second in elevation direction. Figure 2. The shaped Cassegrain system: (1) parabolic reflector of 30 m diameter; (2) hyperbolic sub- reflector with a diameter of 4 meter; (3) sub-reflector; (4) Cabin with feeder and measurement equipment. Measurement Set-up The antenna offers another significant advantage in the possibility to have very short electrical and high-frequency connection between the L-band feeder and the measurement equipment. As mentioned earlier, the challenge for future GNSS applications is the high accuracy of the navigation solution. Therefore, it is necessary to measure and then analyze the signals very accurately and precisely. To achieve an uncertainty of less than 1 dB for the measurement results required a complete redesign of the setup, which consists of two main parts: paths for signal receiving and acquiring the measurement data; calibration elements for different calibration issues. The path for receiving the signal and acquiring the measurement data consists of two signal chains, each equipped with two low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) with a total gain of around 70 dB, a set of filters for the individual GNSS navigation frequency bands, and isolators to suppress reflections in the measurement system. With this setup it is possible to measure right-hand circular polarized (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarized (LHCP) signals in parallel. This provides the capability to perform axial ratio analysis of the satellite signal, and consequently an assessment of the antenna of the satellite. Using the switches SP01 and SP02, the measurement system is also able to acquire data from two different bands at the same time. This enabless investigations concerning the coherence between the signals in post-processing. The signals are measured and recorded using two real-time vector signal analyzers with up to 120 MHz signal bandwidth. Both analyzers are connected to a computer capable of post-processing and storing the data. Additional equipment like digitizers or receivers can be connected to the system using the splitter III outputs, where the unfiltered RHCP signals are coupled out after the first LNA. A high-performance rubidium clock is used as reference signal for the whole measurement equipment. In front of the first LNA of each chain, a signal can be coupled in for calibration issues. Control Software. Due to the distance of the antenna location from the Institute at Oberpfaffenhofen (around 40 kilometers) it was necessary to perform all measurement and calibration procedures during a measurement campaign via remote control. A software tool was developed which can control any component of the setup remotely. In addition, this software can perform a complete autonomous operation of the whole system by a free pre-definable sequence over any period of time. This includes, for example, the selection of the different band-pass filters, the polarization output of the feed, and the control of the calibration routines. After the measurement sequence, the system automatically copies all data via LAN onto the processing facility, starts basic analysis based on spectral data, and generates a report. Sophisticated analysis based on IQ raw data is performed manually at this time. Absolute Calibration To fulfill the challenge of highly accurate measurements, it is necessary to completely characterize all elements of the measurement system, which comprises the antenna itself and the measurement system within the cabin after the feed. An absolutely necessary precondition of the calibration of the high-gain antenna is a very accurate pointing capability. The pointing error should be less than 0.01° concerning antennas of this diameter. Furthermore, it is important to check long-term stability of these characterizations and the influences of different interference types and other possible error sources. This has to be taken in to account, when it comes to a point where the value of the absolute calibration has the same range as the summed measurement uncertainties of the equipment in use. Antenna Calibration. High-accuracy measurements require not only the correct antenna alignment but also accurate power calibration of the antenna. To determine the antenna gain, well known reference sources are needed. These could be natural sources like radio stars or artificial sources like geostationary satellites. Standard reference signal sources for the calibration of high-gain antennas are the radio sources Cassiopeia A, Cygnus, and Taurus. All these radio sources are circumpolar relative to our ground station, and therefore usable for calibrations at all times of the year. A further advantage of these calibration sources is the wide frequency range of the emitted signals. Thus, contrary to other signal sources (like ARTEMIS satellite L band pilot signal) the antenna gain can be calibrated in a wide bandwidth. With the help of the well-known flux density of the celestial radio sources and using the Y-method, the relation between the gain of the antenna and the noise temperature of the receiving system, or G/T, can be measured. Measuring the noise figure of the receiving system, the antenna gain can finally be calculated. System Calibration. The measurement system calibration behind the feed is performed using wideband chirp signals. The chirp is injected into the signal chains via coupler I and II (Figure 3). The calibration signal is captured by the two vector signal analyzers. In the next step, the signal is linked via the switches directly to the analyzers, and the chirp signals are recorded as reference again. It has to be taken into account that more elements are in the loop during the chirp recordings compared to the receiving chain. These are the link between the signal generator and the couplers and the direct path to the analyzers. Figure 3. Measurement setup overview. To separate the receiving chain from the additional elements within the wideband calibration loop, two more measurements are needed. The injection path from the signal generator to the couplers and the direct paths are characterized by network analyzer (NWA) measurements. Based on the chirp and NWA measurements, the transfer function of the system is calculated to derive the gain and phase information. To determine the calibration curve over the frequency range from 1.0 GHz to 1.8 GHz, a set of overlaying chirps with different center frequencies is injected into the signal paths and combined within the analysis. Figure 4 and Figure 5 show the results of the wideband calibration of gain and phase. Figure 4. Gain of the measurement system after the feed over 14 hours. Figure 5. Phase of measurement system. Is it enough to determine the gain only once? If we assume that there is no aging effect of the elements, and the ambient conditions like temperature are constant, the gain should not change. In reality the behavior of the system is not constant. Figure 6 shows the temperature within the cabin during a failure of its air conditioning system. Figure 7 shows the corresponding gain of the measurement system during the temperature change in the cabin of about 5° Celsius. Clearly, it can be seen that the gain changed around 0.2 dB. Figure 6. Cabin temperature increase during outage of the air condition concerning measurements shown in Figure 7. Figure 7. Gain variations of the measurement system based on temperature variations in the cabin (see Figure 6). This example shows the sensitivity of the system to changes in environmental conditions. Usually the measurement system is temperature-stabilized and controlled, and the system will not change during data acquisition. But every control system can be broken, or an element changes its behavior. For this reason, the calibration is performed at least at the beginning and at the end of a satellite path (maximum 8 hours). Measurement Results Here we present selected results from the European Galileo and the Chinese BeiDou navigation systems. Galileo FM3 and FM4. In October 2012, the third and fourth operational Galileo satellites, FM3 and FM4, were launched into orbit. Signal transmissions started in November and in December, respectively. Both satellites provide fully operational signals on all three frequency bands, E1, E5, and E6. The measurement data of both satellites were captured in December 2012, shortly after the beginning of the signal transmission. Figure 8 shows the spectra of both satellites for El, E5, and E6 bands. The quality of the transmitted signals seems to be good, but for the El signal of FM4 satellite, minor deformations of the spectra are visible. Figure 8. Measurement results of Galileo IOV FM3 & FM4: El, E5 and E6 spectra. Figure 9 shows the results of the IQ constellations both for FM3 and FM4 concerning each transmitted signal band. The constellations and consequently the modulation quality of each signal are nearly perfect for the FM3 satellite. The IQ constellation diagrams of FM4 show minor deformations in each band. What impact these imperfections create for future users has yet to be analyzed. Both satellites were at the time of measurement campaign still in the in-orbit test phase and did not transmit the final CBOC signal in the E1 band. It could be expected that especially the signals of the FM4 will be adjusted to become more perfect. Figure 9 Measurement results of Galileo IOV FM3 & FM4: E1, E5, and E6 – IQ Constellation. BeiDou M6. BeiDou satellites transmit navigation signals in three different frequency bands, all are located adjacent to or even inside currently employed GPS or Galileo frequency bands. The center frequencies are for the B1 band 1561.1 MHz, B3 band 1268.52 MHz, and B2 band 1207.14 MHz. In 2012, China launched six satellites: two inclined geostationary space vehicles and four medium-Earth orbit ones, concluding in September (M5 and M6) and October 2012 (IGSO6). There have been further BeiDou launches in 2013, but these satellites’ signals are not analyzed here. Figure 10 displays calibrated measurement results from the Beidou M6 satellite. The spectra of the B2 and B3 band of the Beidou M6 satellite are clean and show no major deformation. Within the B1 spectra, some spurious results, especially on top of the side lobes, are obvious. This behavior has to be investigated more in detail to determine their origin. The IQ diagrams, which visualize the modulation quality, show also no major deformation. Only within the B3 signal, a marginal compression of the constellation points can be seen, which points to a large-signal operation at the beginning of the saturation of the amplifier of the satellite. Figure 10. BeiDou M6 satellite signal spectra and IQ constellations at B1, B2 and B3 band Conclusion Reviewing the quality of the presented measurements, signal analysis, and verification on GNSS satellites, the use of the 30-meter high-gain antenna offers excellent possibilities and results. Regarding the calibration measurements of the antenna gain and measurement system, the variances are in the range of measurement uncertainty of the equipment. The sensitivity of the measurement system concerning ambient conditions was exemplarily shown based on the gain drift caused by a temperature drift. But the solution is simple: stabilize the ambient conditions or perform calibration in a short regular cycle to detect changes within the system behavior to be able to correct them. Based on this absolute calibration, a first impression of the signal quality of Galileo FM3 and FM4 and the BeiDou M6 satellites were presented using spectral plots and IQ diagrams. Only minor distortion could be detected within the Galileo FM4 and Beidou M6 signal; these distortions may be negligible for most users. Concerning FM4 and FM3, both satellites were in the in-orbit test phase during the data acquisition. The signal quality may have been changed during their stabilization process in orbit, or the signals have been adjusted in the meantime. Thus, it would be interesting and worthwhile to repeat the measurements and perform detailed analysis to assess the final satellite quality and consequently the user performance. Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the German Space Operation Centre for the opportunity to use the high-gain antenna. The support of colleagues at the DLR ground station Weilheim for the operational and maintenance service over recent years is highly appreciated. This work was partly performed within the project “Galileo SEIOT (50 NA 1005)” of the German Space Agency, funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology and based on a resolution by the German Bundestag. Finally, the support of DLR’s Centre of Excellence for Satellite Navigation is highly appreciated. This article is based on the paper “GNSS Survey – Signal Quality Assessment of the Latest GNSS Satellites” presented at The Institute of Navigation International Technical Meeting 2013, held in San Diego, California, January 28–30, 2013. Steffen Thoelert received his diploma degree in electrical engineering at the University of Magdeburg. He works in the Department of Navigation at German Aerospace Centre (DLR), on signal quality assessment, calibration, and automation of technical processes. Johann Furthner received his Ph.D. in laser physics at the University of Regensburg. He works in the DLR Institute of Communication and Navigation on the development of navigation systems in a number of areas (systems  simulation,  timing  aspects,  GNSS  analysis, signal verification, calibration processes). Michael Meurer received a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Kaiserslautern, where he is now an associate professor, as well as director of the Department of Navigation at DLR.

phone as jammer tours

That is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,this system considers two factors,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,presence of buildings and landscape.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.are suitable means of camouflaging,overload protection of transformer.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,pll synthesizedband capacity.they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason.but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions.2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.in contrast to less complex jamming systems.solutions can also be found for this,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers.8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply.1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g).it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.the vehicle must be available.

Thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.dtmf controlled home automation system,both outdoors and in car-park buildings,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,vswr over protectionconnections,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services.whether voice or data communication,an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,pll synthesizedband capacity.providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm),15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),computer rooms or any other government and military office,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car.can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.2100-2200 mhztx output power.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.

From analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,the proposed design is low cost,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.the present circuit employs a 555 timer,we are providing this list of projects.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,230 vusb connectiondimensions,intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft).with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,control electrical devices from your android phone.department of computer scienceabstract,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.1 w output powertotal output power,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.the present circuit employs a 555 timer,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,due to the high total output power.

Transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,power grid control through pc scada.gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply.ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.variable power supply circuits,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,automatic changeover switch,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations..