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Phone data jammer tours | wireless microphone jammer program
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Permanent Link to The Kinematic GPS Challenge: First Gravity Comparison Results |
Registered: 2021/03/11
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By Theresa Diehl
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has issued a “Kinematic GPS Challenge” to the community in support of NGS’ airborne gravity data collection program, called Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D). The “Challenge” is meant to provide a unique benchmarking opportunity for the kinematic GPS community by making available two flights of data from GRAV-D’s airborne program for their processing. By comparing the gravity products that are derived from a wide variety of kinematic GPS processing products, a unique quality assessment is possible.
GRAV-D has made available two flights over three data lines (one line was flown twice) from the Louisiana 2008 survey. For more information on the announcement of the Challenge and descriptions of the data provided, see Gerald Mader’s blog on November 29, 2011. The GRAV-D program routinely operates at long-baselines (up to 600 km), high altitudes (20,000 to 35,000 ft), and high speeds (up to 280 knots), a challenging data set from a GPS perspective. As of December 2011, ten groups of kinematic GPS processors have provided a total of sixteen position solutions for each flight. At two data lines per flight, this yielded 64 total position solutions. Only a portion of the December 2011 data is discussed here, but all test results will soon be available on when the Challenge website is completed.
Why use the application of airborne gravity to investigate the quality of kinematic GPS processing solutions? Because the gravity measurement itself is an acceleration, which is being recorded with a sensor on a moving platform, inside a moving aircraft, in a rotating reference frame (the Earth). The gravity results are completely reliant on our ability to calculate the motion of the aircraft— position, velocity, and acceleration. These values are used in several corrections that must be applied to the raw gravimeter measurement in order to recover a gravity value (Table 1). The corrections in Table 1 are simplified to assume that the GPS antenna and gravimeter sensor are co-located horizontally and offset vertically by a constant, known distance.
Table 1. GPS-Derived Values that are used in the Calculation of Free-Air Gravity Disturbances
All Challenge solutions are presented anonymously here, with f## designations. For each flight of data, the software that made the f01 solution is the same as for f16, f02 the same as f17, and so on.
Test #1: Are the solutions precise and accurate?
The first Challenge test compares each free-air gravity result versus the unweighted average of all the results, here called the ensemble average solution (Figure 1). This comparison highlights any GPS solutions whose gravity result is significantly different from the others, and will group together solutions that are similar to each other (precise). Precision is easy to test this way, but in order to tell which gravity results are accurate calculations of the gravity field, a “truth” solution is necessary. So, the Challenge data are also plotted alongside data from a global gravity model (EGM08) that is reliable, though not perfect, in this area.
Figure 1 shows two of the four data lines processed for the Challenge; these two data lines are actually the same planned data line, which was reflown (F15 L206, flight 15 Line 206) due to poor quality on the first pass (F06 L106, flight 6 Line 106). The 5-10 mGal amplitude spikes of medium frequency along L106 are due to turbulence experienced by the aircraft, turbulence that the GPS and gravity processing could not remove from the gravity signal.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Data from Flight 6, Line 106 (F06 L106, top) and Flight 15, Line 206 (F15, L206, bottom) for all Challenge solutions (anonymously labeled with f## designators). Figures 1 and 2. Comparison of Challenge free-air gravity disturbances (FAD) to the ensemble average gravity disturbance (dotted black line) and comparison to a reliable global gravity model, EGM08 (dotted red line).
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figures 3 and 4. Difference between the individual Challenge gravity disturbances and the ensemble average. The thin black lines mark the 2-standard deviation levels for the differences. For F15 L206, one solution (f23) was removed from the difference plot and statistics because it was an outlier. For both lines, the ensemble’s difference with EGM08 is not plotted because it is too large to fit easily on the plot.
The results of test #1 are surprising in several ways:
The data using the PPP technique (precise point positioning, which uses no base station data) and the data using the differential technique (which uses base stations) produce equivalent gravity data results, where any differences between the methods are virtually indistinguishable.
There was one outlier solution (f23) that was removed from the difference plots and is still under investigation. Also, on F15 L206, solution f28 had an unusually large difference from the average though it performed predictably on the other lines. Of the remaining solutions, four solutions stand out as the most different from all the others: f03/f18, f04/f19, f05/f20, and f07/f22.
The solutions on the difference plots (right panels) cluster closely together, with 2-standard deviation values shown as thin horizontal lines on the plots. The Challenge solutions meet the precision requirements for the GRAV-D program: +/- 1 mGal for 2-standard deviations.
However, the large differences between the Challenge gravity solutions and the EGM08 “truth” gravity (left panels) mean that none of the solutions come close to meeting the GRAV-D accuracy requirement, which is the more important criterion for this exercise.
Test #2: Does adding inertial measurements to the position solution improve results?
NGS operates an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the aircraft for all survey flights. The IMU records the aircraft’s orientation (pitch, roll, yaw, and heading). Including the orientation information in the calculation of the position solution should yield a better position solution than GPS-only calculations, but it was not expected to be significantly better. Figure 2 shows the NGS best loosely-coupled GPS/IMU free-air gravity result versus the Challenge GPS-only results and Table 2 shows the related statistics.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figures 5 and 6. F06 L105. (Figure 5) Comparison of Challenge FAD gravity solutions (ensemble=black dotted line) with EGM08 (red dotted line); (Figure 6) comparison of Challenge gravity solutions (all GPS-only; ensemble=black dotted line) with NGS’ coupled GPS/IMU gravity solution (red dotted line).
Table 2. Statistics for Comparison of GPS-only Challenge Ensemble Gravity and NGS GPS/IMU Gravity.
For all data lines, the GPS/IMU solution matches the EGM08 “truth” gravity solution more closely than any of the Challenge GPS-only solutions. In fact, the more motion that is experienced by the aircraft, the more that adding IMU information improves the solution. One conclusion from this test is that IMU data coupled with GPS data is a requirement, not optional, in order to obtain the best free-air gravity solutions.
Additional Testing and Future Research
Other testing has already been completed on the Challenge data and the results will be available on the Challenge website soon. Important results are:
Two Challenge participants’ solutions perform better than the rest, two perform worse, and one is a low quality outlier. The reasons for these differences are still under investigation.
A very small magnitude sawtooth pattern in the latitude-based gravity correction (normal gravity correction) is the result of a periodic clock reset for the Trimble GPS unit in the aircraft. This clock reset is uncorrected in the majority of Challenge solutions. The clock reset causes an instantaneous small change in apparent position, which results in a 1-2 mGal magnitude unreal spike in the gravity tilt correction at each epoch with a clock reset.
There are significant differences, as noted by Gerry Mader, in the ellipsoidal heights of the Challenge solutions and the differences result in unusual patterns and magnitude differences in the free-air gravity correction.
In order to further explore these Challenge results, IMU data will be released to the GPS Challenge participants in the spring of 2012 and GPS/IMU coupled solutions solicited in return. Additionally, basic information about the Challenge participants’ software and calculation methodologies will be collected and will form the basis of the benchmarking study.
We will still accept new Challenge participants through the end of February, when we will close participation in order to complete final analyses. Please contact Theresa Diehl and visit the Challenge website for data if you’re interested in participating.
_________________________
YB25_TyVSzAN@aol.com
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Permanent Link to The Kinematic GPS Challenge: First Gravity Comparison Results |
Registered: 2021/03/11
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phone data jammer toursNow we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.auto no break power supply control.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements,dtmf controlled home automation system,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,band selection and low battery warning led,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,religious establishments like churches and mosques,the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,programmable load shedding,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,government and military convoys,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity.
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This was done with the aid of the multi meter,upon activating mobile jammers,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on.1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,please see the details in this catalogue.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,please visit the highlighted article.armoured systems are available.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,when shall jamming take place.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.this system considers two factors,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in.
Exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.three circuits were shown here,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,due to the high total output power.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,morse key or microphonedimensions.selectable on each band between 3 and 1,this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.while most of us grumble and move on,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,whether copying the transponder,theatres and any other public places,band scan with automatic jamming (max,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use,check your local laws before using such devices,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions.pll synthesizedband capacity,are suitable means of camouflaging.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.variable power supply circuits,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.
Military camps and public places.the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer,standard briefcase – approx.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.0°c – +60°crelative humidity.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.conversion of single phase to three phase supply.it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply,we have designed a system having no match,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal.
Here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.it employs a closed-loop control technique,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.complete infrastructures (gsm,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.micro controller based ac power controller.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,the vehicle must be available.5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,we are providing this list of projects,.
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