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Its Algorithms and Performance The authors test three mass-market design drivers on a chip developed expressly for a new role as a combined GPS and Galileo consumer receiver: the time-to-first-fix for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations; sensitivity in harsh environments, exploiting a simulated land mobile satellite multipath channel and different user dynamics; and power consumption strategies, particularly duty-cycle tracking. By Nicola Linty, Paolo Crosta, Philip G. Mattos, and Fabio Pisoni The two main GNSS receiver market segments, professional high-precision receivers and mass-market/consumer receivers, have very different structure, objectives, features, architecture, and cost. Mass-market receivers are produced in very high volume — hundreds of millions for smartphones and tablets — and sold at a limited price, and in-car GNSS systems represent a market of tens of millions of units per year. The reason for these exploding markets can be found not only in the improvements in electronics and integration, but also in the increasing availability of new GNSS signals. In coming years, with Galileo, QZSS, BeiDou, GPS-L1C, and GLONASS-CDMA all on the way, the silicon manufacturer must continue the path towards the fully flexible multi-constellation mass-market receiver. Mass-market receivers feature particular signal processing techniques, different from the acquisition and tracking techniques of standard GNSS receivers, in order to comply with mobile and consumer devices’ resources and requirements. However, a limited documentation is present in the open literature concerning consumer devices’ algorithms and techniques; besides a few papers, all the know-how is protected by patents, held by the main manufacturers, and mainly focused on the GPS L1 C/A signal. We investigate and prove the feasibility of such techniques by semi-analytical and Monte Carlo simulations, outlining the estimators sensitivity and accuracy, and by tests on real Galileo IOV signals. To understand, analyze, and test this class of algorithms, we implemented a fully software GNSS receiver, running on a personal computer. It can process hardware- and software-simulated GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1BC signals, as well as real signals, down-converted at intermediate frequency (IF), digitalized and stored in memory by a front-end/bit grabber; it can also output standard receiver parameters: code delay, Doppler frequency, carrier-to-noise power density ratio (C/N0), phase, and navigation message. The software receiver is fully configurable, extremely flexible, and represents an important tool to assess performance and accuracy of selected techniques in different circumstances. Code-Delay Estimation The code-delay estimation is performed in the software receiver by a parallel correlation unit, giving as output a multi-correlation with a certain chip spacing. This approach presents some advantages, mostly the fact that the number of correlation values that can be provided is thousands of times greater, compared to a standard receiver channel. Use of multiple correlators increases multipath-rejection capabilities, essential features in mass-market receivers, especially for positioning in urban scenarios. The multi-correlation output is exploited to compute the received signal code delay with an open-loop strategy and then to compute the pseudorange. In the simulations performed, the multi-correlation has a resolution of 1/10 of a chip, which is equivalent to 30 meters for the signals in question; to increase the estimate accuracy, Whittaker-Shannon interpolation is performed on the equally spaced points of the correlation function belonging to the correlation peak. The code-delay estimate accuracy is reported in Figures 1 and 2. The results are obtained with Monte Carlo simulations on simulated GNSS signals, with sampling frequency equal to 16.3676 MHz. In particular, a GPS L1 C/A signal is considered, affected by constant Doppler frequency equal to zero for the observation period, to avoid the effect of dynamics. The figures show the standard deviation of the code estimation error, that is, the difference between the estimated code delay and the true one, expressed in meters (pseudorange error standard deviation) for different values of C/N0. To evaluate the quality of the results, the theoretical delay locked loop (DLL) tracking jitter is plotted for comparison, as where Bn is the code loop noise bandwidth, Rc is the chipping rate, Bfe is the single sided front-end bandwidth, Tc is the coherent integration time, and c is the speed of light. In the two figures, the red curve shows the theoretical tracking jitter for a DLL, which can be considered as term of comparison for code-delay estimation. To correlate the results, a E-L spacing equal to D = 0.2 chip is chosen, and the code-delay error values of the software receiver simulation are filtered with a moving average filter. By averaging 0.5 seconds of data (for example, L = 31 values spaced 16 milliseconds), an equivalent closed-loop bandwidth of about 1 Hz can be obtained: In particular, in Figure 1, a coherent integration time equal to 1 millisecond (ms) and 16 non-coherent sums are considered, while in Figure 2 a coherent integration time equal to 4 ms and 16 non-coherent sums, spanning a total time T=64 ms, are considered. In both cases, the software receiver results are extremely good for high C/N0. The code-delay error estimate is slightly higher than its equivalent in the DLL formulation. The open-loop estimation error notably increases in the first case below 40 dB-Hz due to strong outliers, whose probability of occurrence depends on the C/N0. In fact, this effect is smoothed in the second case, where the coherent integration time is four times larger, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Figure 1. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=1 ms , T=16 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Figure 2. Comparison between code delays estimation accuracy, Tc=4 ms, T=64 ms, B=1 Hz, D=0.2 chip. Nevertheless, the comparison between open loop multi-correlation approach and closed loop DLL is difficult and approximate, because the parameters involved are different and the results are only qualitative. Doppler Frequency Estimation In the particular case of the software receiver developed here, the residual Doppler frequency affecting the GNSS signal is estimated by means of a maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) on a snapshot of samples, exploiting open-loop strategy. In fact, despite the higher standard deviation of the frequency error (jitter), open-loop processing offers improved tracking sensitivity, higher tracking robustness against fading and interference, and better stability when increasing the coherent integration time. In addition, the open-loop approach does not require the design of loop filters, avoiding problems with loop stability. A certain number of successive correlator values, computed in the multiple correlations block, are combined in a fast Fourier transform (FFT) and interpolated. Figure 3 shows the root mean square error (RMSE) of the frequency estimate versus signal C/N0, obtained collecting 16 coherent accumulations of 4 ms of a Galileo E1B signal, then computing a 16 points FFT spanning a time interval of 64 ms, and finally refining the result with an interpolation technique. Three different curves are shown, corresponding respectively to: the RMSE derived from simulations, carried out with GNSS data simulated with the N-FUELS signal generator; a semi-analytical estimation, exploiting the same algorithm; the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for frequency estimation, shown as where fs is the sampling frequency. Figure 3. Doppler frequency estimate RMSE versus C/N0 in super-high resolution with T=64 ms, comparison between theoretical and simulated results. A well-known drawback is the so-called threshold effect. Below a certain C/N0, the frequency estimate computed with MLE suffers from an error, and the RMSE increases with respect to the CRLB. Mass-Market Design Drivers Once we have analyzed the features of some mass-market algorithms with a software receiver, we can move toward the performance of a real mass-market device, to compare results and confirm improvements brought by the new Galileo signals, so far mainly known from a theoretical point of view. A recent survey identified three main drivers in the design of a mass-market receiver, coming directly from user needs, and solvable in different ways. Time-to-first-fix (TTFF) corresponds to how fast a position, velocity, and time (PVT) solution is available after the receiver is powered on, that is, the time that a receiver takes to acquire and track a minimum of four satellites, and to obtain the necessary information from the demodulated navigation data bits or from other sources. Capability in hostile environments, for example while crossing an urban canyon or when hiking in a forest, is measured in terms of sensitivity. It can be verified by decreasing the received signal strength and/or adding multipath models. Power consumption of the device. GNSS chipset is in general very demanding and can produce a not-negligible battery drain. We analyzed these three drivers with a commercial mass-market receiver and with the software receiver. Open-Sky TTFF Analysis TTFF depends on the architecture of the receiver, for example the number of correlators or the acquisition strategy, on the availability of assistance data, such as rough receiver position and time or space vehicles’ (SV) ephemeris data, and on the broadcast navigation message structure. Some receivers, like the one used here for testing, embed an acquisition engine that can be activated on request and assures a low acquisition time; moreover, they implement ephemeris extension. In contrast, other consumer receiver manufacturers exploit a baseband-configurable processing unit, similar to the one implemented in the software receiver, with thousands of parallel correlators generating a multi-correlator output with configurable spacing, depending on the accuracy required. By selecting an appropriate number of correlators, depending on the available assistance data and on the accuracy required, the TTFF consequently varies. We assessed the performance of the receiver under test for different C/N0, for hot, warm, and cold start, and for different constellation combinations, exploiting hardware-simulated GNSS data. Good results are achieved, especially when introducing Galileo signals. Figure 4 reports the hot-start TTFF for different C/N0 values in the range 25–53 dB-Hz, computed using the receiver. The receiver, connected to a signal generator, is configured in dual-constellation mode (GPS and Galileo) and carries out 40 TTFF trials, with a random delay between 15 and 45 seconds. In a standard additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and in hot-start conditions, the results mainly depend on the acquisition strategy and on the receiver availability of correlators and acquisition engines. In an ideal case with open-sky conditions and variable C/N0, the introduction of a second constellation only slightly improves the TTFF performance; this result cannot be generalized since it mainly depends on the acquisition threshold of the receiver, which can change using signals of different constellations. In real-world conditions, the situation can vary. Figure 4. Hot start TTFF for Galileo+GPS configuration versus C/N0 using the test receiver. Cold Start. Secondly, we analyze TTFF differences due to the different structure of GPS and Galileo navigation messages. The I/NAV message of the Galileo E1 signal and the data broadcast by GPS L1 C/A signals contain data related to satellite clock, ephemeris, and GNSS time: parameters relevant to the position fix since they describe the position of the satellite in its orbit, its clock error, and the transmission time of the received message. Table 1 shows some results in the particular case of cold start, with an ideal open-sky AWGN scenario. The TTFF is significantly lower when using Galileo satellites: while the mean TTFF when tracking only GPS satellites is equal to about 31.9 seconds (s), it decreases to 24.7 s when considering only Galileo satellites, and to 22.5 s in the case of dual constellation. Similarly, the minimum and maximum TTFF values are lower when tracking Galileo satellites. The 95 percent probability values confirm the theoretical expectations. Again, in the ideal case with open-sky conditions, the results with two constellations are quite similar to the performance of the signal with faster TTFF. However, in non-ideal conditions, use of multiple constellations represents a big advantage and underlines the importance of developing at least dual-constellation mass-market receivers. Table 1. Comparison between TTFF (in seconds) in cold start for different constellation combinations. Furthermore, it is interesting to analyze in more detail the case of a GPS and Galileo joint solution. GPS and Galileo system times are not synchronized, but differ by a small quantity, denoted as the GPS-Galileo Time Offset (GGTO). When computing a PVT solution with mixed signals, three solutions are possible: to estimate it as a fifth unknown, to read it from the navigation message, or to use pre-computed value. In the first case it is not necessary to rely on the information contained in the navigation message, eventually reducing the TTFF. However, five satellites are required to solve the five unknowns, and this is not always the case in urban scenarios or harsh environments, as will be proved below. On the contrary, in the second case, it is necessary to obtain the GGTO information from the navigation message, and since it appears only once every 30 seconds, in the worst case it is necessary to correctly demodulate 30 seconds of data. Both approaches show benefits and disadvantages, depending on the environment. The receiver under test exploits the second solution: in this case, it is possible to see an increase in the average TTFF when using a combination of GPS and Galileo, due to the demodulation of more sub-frames of the broadcast message. Sensitivity: Performance in Harsh Environments Harsh environment is the general term used to describe those scenarios in which open sky and ideal propagation conditions are not fulfilled. It can include urban canyons, where the presence of high buildings limits the SV visibility and introduces multipath; denied environments, where unintentional interference may create errors in the processing; or sites where shadowing of line-of-sight (LoS) path is present, for example due to trees, buildings, and tunnels. In these situations it is necessary to pay particular attention to the signal-processing stage; performance is in general reduced up to the case in which the receiver is not able to compute a fix. A first attempt to model such an environment has been introduced in the 3GPP standard together with the definition of A-GNSS minimum performance requirements for user equipment supporting other A-GNSSs than GPS L1 C/A, or multiple A-GNSSs which may or may not include GPS L1 C/A. The standard test cases support up to three different constellations; in dual-constellation case it foresees three satellites in view for each constellation with a horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) ranging from 1.4 to 2.1. To perform TTFF and sensitivity tests applying the 3GPP standard test case, we configured a GNSS simulator scenario with the following characteristics, starting from the nominal constellation: Six SVs: three GPS (with PRN 6,7, 21) and three Galileo (with code number 4, 11, 23); HDOP in the range 1.4 – 2.1; nominal power as per corresponding SIS-ICD; user motion, with a heading direction towards 90° azimuth, at a constant speed of 5 kilometers/hour (km/h). In addition to limiting the number of satellites, we introduced a narrowband multipath model. The multi-SV two-states land mobile satellite (LMS) model simulator generated fading time series representative of an urban environment. The model includes two states: a good state, corresponding to LOS condition or light shadowing; a bad state, corresponding to heavy shadowing/blockage. Within each state, a Loo-distributed fading signal is assumed. It includes a slow fading component (lognormal fading) corresponding to varying shadowing conditions of the direct signal, and a fast fading component due to multipath effects. In particular, the last version of the two-state LMS simulator is able to generate different but correlated fading for each single SV, according to its elevation and azimuth angle with respect to the user position: the angular separation within satellites is crucial, since it affects the correlation of the received signals. This approach is based on a master–slave concept, where the state transitions of several slave satellites are modeled according to their correlation with one master satellite, while neglecting the correlation between the slave satellites. The nuisances generated are then imported in the simulator scenario, to timely control phase and amplitude of each simulator channel. Using this LMS scenario, the receiver’s performance in harsh environments has been then verified with acquisition (TTFF) and tracking tests. The TTFF was estimated with about 50 tests, in hot, warm, and cold start, first using both GPS and Galileo satellites, and then using only one constellation. In the second case only the 2D fix is considered, since, according to the scenario described, at maximum three satellites are in view. Table 2 reports the results for the dual-constellation case: in hot start the average TTFF is about 8 s, and it increases to 36 s and 105 s respectively for the warm and cold cases. Clearly the results are much worse than in the case reported earlier of full open-sky AWGN conditions. In this scenario only six satellites are available at maximum; moreover, the presence of multipath and fading affects the results, and they exhibit a larger variance, because of the varying conditions of the scenario. Table 2. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting GPS and Galileo constellations in harsh environments. Table 3 shows similar results, but for the GPS-only case. In this case the receiver was configured to track only GPS satellites. The mean TTFF increases both in the hot and in the warm case, whereas in cold start it is not possible compute a 2D fix with only three satellites; the ambiguity of the solution cannot be solved if an approximate position solution is not available. It may seem unfair to compare a scenario with three satellites and one with six satellites. However, it can be assumed that this is representative of what happens in limited-visibility conditions, where a second constellation theoretically doubles the number of satellites in view. Table 3. TTFF (in seconds) exploiting only GPS constellations in harsh environments. The results confirm the benefits of dual-constellation mass-market receivers in harsh environments where the number of satellites in view can be very low. Making use of the full constellation of Galileo satellites will allow mass-market receivers to substantially increase performances in these scenarios. Tracking.We carried out a 30-minute tracking test with both the receiver and the software receiver model. Both were able to acquire the six satellites and to track them, even with some losses of lock (LoLs) due to fading and multipath reflections. Figure 5 shows the number of satellites in tracking state in the receiver at every second, while Figure 6 shows the HDOP as computed by the receiver. When all six satellites are in tracking state, the HDOP lies in the range 1.4 – 2.1, as defined in the simulation scenario; on the contrary, as expected, in correspondence with a LoL it increases. Figure 6. HDOP computed by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Figure 7 compares the signal power generated by the simulator and the power estimated by the receiver, in the case of GPS PRN 7 and Galileo code number 23. This proves the tracking capability of the receiver also for high sensitivity. To deal with low-power signals, the integration time is extended both for GPS and for Galileo, using the pilot tracking mode in the latter case. Figure 7. C/N0 estimate computed by the receiver in harsh environments and compared with the signal power. Figures 8 and 9 show respectively the position and the velocity solution. In the first case latitude, longitude, and altitude are plotted, while in the second case the receiver speed estimate in km/h is reported. Figure 8. Test receiver position solution in LMS scenario. Figure 9. Test receiver velocity solution in LMS scenario. In this framework it is possible to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using the broadcast GGTO when computing a mixed GPS and Galileo position. When the LMS channel conditions are good, all six SVs in view are in tracking state, as shown in Figure 5. However, when the fading becomes important, the number is reduced to only two satellites. If the receiver is designed to extract the GGTO from the navigation message, then a PVT solution is possible also when only four satellites are in tracking state, that is for 90 percent of the time in this specific case. On the contrary, if the GGTO has to be estimated, one more satellite is required, and this condition is satisfied only 57 percent of the time, strongly reducing the probability of having a fix. Nevertheless, estimating the GGTO requires the correct demodulation of the navigation message, and this is possible only if the signal is good enough for a sufficient time. Figure 5. Number of satellites tracked by the test receiver in the Multi-SV LMS simulation. Power-Saving Architectures The final driver for mass-market receivers design is represented by power consumption. Particularly for chips suited for portable devices running on batteries, power drain represents one of the most important design criteria. To reduce at maximum the power consumption, chip manufacturers have adopted various solutions. Most are based on the concept that, contrarily to a classic GNSS receiver, a mass-market receiver is not required to constantly compute a PVT solution. In fact, most of the time, GNSS chipsets for consumer devices are only required to keep updated information on approximate time and position and to download clock corrections and ephemeris data with a proper time rate, depending on the navigation message type and the adopted extended ephemeris algorithm. Then, when asked, the receiver can quickly provide a position fix. By reducing the computational load of the device during waiting mode, power consumption is reduced proportionally. To better understand advantages and disadvantages of power saving techniques, some of them have been studied and analyzed in detail. In particular, the algorithm implemented in the software receiver model is based on two different receiver states: an active state, in which all receiver parts are activated, as in a standard receiver, and a sleep state, where the receiver is not operating at all. In the sleep state, the GNSS RF module, GNSS baseband, and digital signal processor core are all switched off. By similarity to a square wave, these types of tracking algorithms are also called duty-cycle (DC) algorithms. Exploiting the software approach’s flexibility, we can test the effect of two important design parameters: sleep period length; minimum active period length. Their setting is not trivial and depends on the channel conditions, on the signal strength, on the number of satellites in view, on the user dynamics, and finally on the required accuracy. In the software receiver simulations performed, the active mode length is fixed to 64 ms: the receiver collects 16 correlation values with coherent integration time equal to 4 ms, to perform frequency estimation as described above. Then it switches to sleep state for 936 ms, until a real-time clock (RTC) wake-up initiates the next full-power state. In this way a fix is available at the rate of 1 s, as summarized in Figure 10. However, there are some situations where the receiver may stay in full-power mode, for example during the initialization phase, to collect important data from the navigation message, such as the ephemeris, and to perform RTC calibration. Figure 10. Duty cycle tracking pattern in the software receiver simulations. There are benefits of using this approach coupled to Galileo signals: the main impact is the usage of the pilot codes. Indeed, a longer integration time allows reducing the active period length, which most impacts the total power consumption, being usually performed at higher repetition rate. Some simulations were carried out to assess the performance of DC algorithms in the software receiver. While in hardware implementations the direct benefit is the power computation, in a software implementation it is not possible to see such an improvement. The reduced power demand is translated into a shorter processing time for each single-processing channel. The DC approach can facilitate the implementation of a real-time or quasi-real-time software receiver. The main drawback of using techniques based on DC tracking is the decrease of the rate of observables and PVT solution. However, this depends on the application; for some, a solution every second is more than enough. Real-Signal Results On March 12, 2013, for the first time  the four Galileo IOV satellites were broadcasting a valid navigation message at the same time. From 9:02 CET, all the satellites were visible at ESTEC premises, and the first position fix of latitude, longitude, and altitude took place at the TEC Navigation Laboratory at ESTEC (ESA) in Noordwijk, the Netherlands. At the same time, we were able to acquire, track, and compute one of the first Galileo-only mobile navigation solutions, using the receiver under test. Thanks to its small size and portability, it was installed on a mobile test platform, embedded in ESA’s Telecommunications and Navigation Testbed vehicle. Using a network connection, we could follow, from the Navigation Lab, the real-time position of the van moving around ESTEC. Figure 11 shows the van’s track, obtained by post processing NMEA data stored by the receiver evaluation board. The accuracy achieved in these tests met all the theoretical expectations, taking into account the limited infrastructure deployed so far. In addition, the results obtained with the receiver have to be considered preliminary, since its firmware supporting Galileo was in an initial test phase (for example, absence of a proper ionospheric model, E1B-only tracking). Figure 11. Galileo-only mobile fix, computed on March 12, 2013. Conclusions Analysis of a receiver’s test results confirms the theoretical benefits of Galileo OS signals concerning TTFF and sensitivity. Future work will include the evolution of the software receiver model and a detailed analysis of power-saving tracking capabilities, with a comparison of duty-cycle tracking techniques in open loop and in closed loop. Acknowledgments This article reflects solely the authors’ views and by no means represents official European Space Agency or Galileo views. The article is based on a paper first presented at ION GNSS+ 2013. Research and test campaigns related to this work took place in the framework of the ESA Education PRESTIGE programme, thanks to the facilities provided by the ESA TEC-ETN section. The LMS multipath channel model was developed in the frame of the MiLADY project, funded by the ARTES5.1 Programme of the ESA Telecommunications and Integrated Applications Directorate. Manufacturers The tests described here used the STMicroelectronics Teseo II receiver chipset and a Spirent signal simulator. Nicola Linty is a Ph.D. student in electronics and telecommunications at Politecnico di Torino. In 2013 he held an internship at the European Space Research and Technology Centre of ESA. Paolo Crosta is a radio navigation system engineer at the ESA TEC Directorate where he provides support to the EGNOS and Galileo programs. He received a MSc degree in telecommunications engineering from the University of Pisa. Philip G. Mattos received an external Ph.D. on his GPS work from Bristol University. He leads the STMicroelectronics team on L1C and BeiDou implementation, and the creation of totally generic hardware that can handle even future unknown systems. Fabio Pisoni has been with the GNSS System Team at STMicroelectronics since 2009. He received a master’s degree in electronics from Politecnico di Milano, Italy.

phone jammer 184 new

Information including base station identity.0°c – +60°crelative humidity.the data acquired is displayed on the pc.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,please visit the highlighted article,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,whether in town or in a rural environment.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible.the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,several noise generation methods include,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,pll synthesizedband capacity.8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,power amplifier and antenna connectors.energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.when the mobile jammer is turned off.three circuits were shown here.power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing.it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.

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This article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.selectable on each band between 3 and 1,auto no break power supply control,it employs a closed-loop control technique,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.embassies or military establishments.exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,due to the high total output power,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.temperature controlled system.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma.i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days,smoke detector alarm circuit.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems.presence of buildings and landscape,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,– transmitting/receiving antenna.

This sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,one is the light intensity of the room.the vehicle must be available.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.its called denial-of-service attack.the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters.churches and mosques as well as lecture halls.wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,for such a case you can use the pki 6660.the proposed design is low cost,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.upon activating mobile jammers,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,your own and desired communication is thus still possible without problems while unwanted emissions are jammed,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.

This project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature.automatic telephone answering machine,integrated inside the briefcase,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,standard briefcase – approx,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.dtmf controlled home automation system,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements.

This task is much more complex.a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,we are providing this list of projects.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.the present circuit employs a 555 timer.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,< 500 maworking temperature.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not.key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,9 v block battery or external adapter,synchronization channel (sch),this system considers two factors.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.please see the details in this catalogue,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.

5% – 80%dual-band output 900.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised,some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,it employs a closed-loop control technique,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,solutions can also be found for this,dtmf controlled home automation system.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.this is done using igbt/mosfet,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,overload protection of transformer,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.this can also be used to indicate the fire.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,due to the high total output power,whether copying the transponder,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.

This project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,automatic telephone answering machine,please visit the highlighted article,frequency scan with automatic jamming,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer.the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.computer rooms or any other government and military office,power grid control through pc scada,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,all mobile phones will indicate no network.several possibilities are available.this was done with the aid of the multi meter,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way,pll synthesizedband capacity,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.one is the light intensity of the room,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,communication system technology.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.

Which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,vswr over protectionconnections.energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.we just need some specifications for project planning,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.complete infrastructures (gsm.reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,.