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A Case History Using the New Galileo E6-B/C Signal By Sergei Yudanov, JAVAD GNSS A method of decoding an unknown pseudorandom noise code uses a conventional GNSS antenna and receiver with modified firmware. The method was verified using the signals from the Galileo In-Orbit Validation satellites. Decoding an unknown GNSS pseudorandom noise (PRN) code can be rather easily done using a high-gain steerable dish antenna as was used, for example, in determine the BeiDou-M1 broadcast codes before they were publicly announced. The signal-to-noise ratio within one chip of the code is sufficient to determine its sign. This article describes a method of getting this information using a conventional GNSS antenna and receiver with modified firmware. The method was verified using the signals from the Galileo In-Orbit Validation (IOV) satellites. In spite of the fact that only pilot signal decoding seems to be possible at first glance, it is shown that in practice data signals can also be decoded. Concept The idea is to do coherent accumulation of each chip of an unknown signal during a rather long time interval. The interval may be as long as a full satellite pass; for medium Earth orbits, this could be up to six hours. One of the receiver’s channels is configured in the same way as for signal tracking. The I and Q signal components are accumulated during one chip length in the digital signal processor, and these values are added to an array cell, referenced by chip number, by the processor. Only a limited amount of information need be known about the signal: its RF frequency; the expected chip rate; the expected total code length; and the modulation method. The decoding of binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK) signals (as most often used) is the subject of this article. It appears that the decoding of more complicated signals is possible too, but this should be proved. A limitation of this method (in common with that of the dish method) is the maximum total code length that can be handled: for lengths greater than one second and bitrates higher than 10,000 kilobits per second, the receiver’s resources may not be sufficient to deal with the signal. Reconstructing the Signal’s Phase This method requires coherency. During the full accumulation period, the phase difference between the real signal phase and the phase of the signal generated by the receiver’s channel should be much less than one cycle of the carrier frequency. Depending on the GNSS’s available signals, different approaches may be used. The simplest case is reconstruction of a third signal while two other signals on different frequencies are of known structure and can be tracked. The main (and possibly the only significant) disturbing factor is the ionosphere. The ionospheric delay (or, more correctly, the variation of ionospheric delay) is calculated using the two known tracked signals, then the phase of the third signal, as affected by the ionosphere, is predicted. The final formula (the calculations are trivial and are widely available in the literature) is: where: φ1 , f1 are the phase and frequency of the first signal in cycles and Hz, respectively φ2 , f2   are the phase and frequency of the second signal in cycles and Hz, respectively φ3 , f3   are the phase and frequency of the third signal in cycles and Hz, respectively. It was confirmed that for all pass periods (elevation angles less than 10 degrees were not tested), the difference between the calculated phase and real phase was always less than one-tenth of a cycle. GPS Block IIF satellites PRN 1 and PRN 25 were used to prove this: the L1 C/A-code and L5 signals were used as the first and second signals, with the L2C signal as the third unknown. If two known signals are not available, and the ionospheric delay cannot be precisely calculated, it is theoretically possible to obtain an estimate of the delay from one or more neighboring satellites with two signals available. Calculations and estimations should be carried out to investigate the expected precision. The Experiment The Galileo E6-B/C signal as currently transmitted by the IOV satellites was selected for the experiment, as its structure has not been published. The E6 signal has three components: E6-A, E6-B and E6-C. The E6-A component is part of the Galileo Public Regulated Service, while the two other components will serve the Galileo Commercial Service. The E6-B component carries a data signal, while the E6-C component is a pilot signal. From open sources, it is known that the carrier frequency of the E6 signal is 1278.75 MHz and that the E6-B and E6-C components use BPSK modulation at 5,115 chips per millisecond with a primary code length of one millisecond. E6-B’s data rate is 1,000 bits per second and the total length of the pilot code is 100 milliseconds (a secondary code of 100 bits over 100 milliseconds is also present in the E6-C signal, which aids in signal acquisition). A slightly modified commercial high-precision multi-GNSS receiver, with the E6 band and without the GLONASS L2 band, was used for this experiment. The receiver was connected to a conventional GNSS antenna, placed on a roof and was configured as described above. The E1 signal was used as the first signal and E5a as the second signal. The E6 code tracking (using 5,115 chip values of zero) was 100 percent guided from the E1 code tracking (the changing of the code delay in the ionosphere was ignored). The E6 phase was guided from E1 and E5a using the above equation. Two arrays for 511,500 I and Q samples were organized in firmware. The integration period was set to one chip (200 nanoseconds). Galileo IOV satellite PRN 11 (also variously known as E11, ProtoFlight Model and GSAT0101) was used initially, and the experiment started when the satellite’s elevation angle was about 60 degrees and lasted for only about 30 minutes. Then the I and Q vectors were downloaded to a PC and analyzed. Decoding of Pilot Signal (E6-C) Decoding of the pilot signal is made under the assumption that any possible influence of the data signal is small because the number of ones and zeros of E6-B in each of 511,500 chips of the 100-millisecond integration interval is about the same. First, the secondary code was obtained. Figure 1 shows the correlation of the first 5,115 chips with 5,115 chips shifted by 0 to 511,500 chips. Because the initial phase of the E6 signal is unknown, two hypotheses for computing the amplitude or signal level were checked: [A] = [I] + [Q] and [A] = [I] – [Q], and the combination with the higher correlation value was selected for all further analysis. Figure 1. Un-normalized autocorrelation of E6-C signal chips. In Figure 1, the secondary code is highly visible: we see a sequence of 100 positive and negative correlation peaks (11100000001111 …; interpreting the negative peaks as zeros).This code is the exact complement (all bits reversed) of the published E5a pilot secondary code for this satellite. More will be said about the derived codes and their complements later. It appears that, for all of the IOV satellites, the E6-C secondary codes are the same as the E5a secondary codes. After obtaining the secondary code, it is possible to coherently add all 100 milliseconds of the integration interval with the secondary code sign to increase the energy in each chip by 100 times. Proceeding, we now have 5,115 chips of the pilot signal ­— the E6-C primary code. To understand the correctness of the procedure and to check its results, we need to confirm that there is enough signal energy in each chip. To this end, a histogram of the pilot signal chip amplitudes can be plotted (see Figure 2). We see that there is nothing in the middle of the plot. This means that all 5,115 chips are correct, and there is no chance that even one bit is wrong. Figure 2. Histogram of pilot signal chip amplitude in arbitrary units. But there is one effect that seems strange at first glance: instead of two peaks we have four (two near each other). We will shortly see that this phenomenon results from the influence of the E6-B data signal and it may be decoded also. Decoding the Data Signal The presence of four peaks in the histogram of Figure 2 was not understood initially, so a plot of all 511,500 signal code chips was made (see Figure 3). Interestingly, each millisecond of the signal has its own distribution, and milliseconds can be found where the distribution is close to that when two signals with the same chip rate are present. In this case, there should be three peaks in the energy (signal strength) spectrum: –2E, 0, and +2E, where E is the energy of one signal (assuming the B and C signals have the same strength). Figure 3. Plot of 511,500 signal code chip amplitudes in arbitrary units. One such time interval (starting at millisecond 92 and ending at millisecond 97) is shown in Figure 4. The middle of the plot (milliseconds 93 to 96) shows the described behavior. Figure 5 is a histogram of signal code chip amplitude for the signal from milliseconds 93 to 96. Figure 4. Plot of signal code chip amplitude in arbitrary units from milliseconds 93 to 96. Then we collect all such samples (milliseconds) with the same data sign together to increase the signal level. Finally, 5,115 values are obtained. Their distribution is shown in Figure 6. The central peak is divided into two peaks (because of the presence of the pilot signal), but a gap between the central and side peaks (unlike the case of Figure 5) is achieved. This allows us to get the correct sign of all data signal chips. Subtracting the already known pilot signal chips, we get the 5,115 chips of the data signal — the E6-B primary code. This method works when there are at least some samples (milliseconds) where the number of chips with the same data bit in the data signal is significantly more than half. Figure 5. Histogram of signal code chip amplitude. Figure 6. Histogram of the signed sum of milliseconds chip amplitude with a noticeable presence of the data signal. Proving the Codes The experimentally determined E6-B and E6-C primary codes and the E6-C secondary codes for all four IOVsatellites (PRNs 11, 12, 19, and 20) were put in the receiver firmware. The receiver was then able to autonomously track the E6-B and E6-C signals of the satellites. Initial decoding of E6-B navigation data has been performed. It appears that the data has the same preamble (the 16-bit synchronization word) as that given for the E6-B signal in the GIOVE Interface Control Document (ICD). Convolutional encoding for forward error correction is applied as described in the Galileo Open Service ICD, and 24-bit cyclic redundancy check error detection (CRC-24) is used. At the time of the analysis, all four IOV satellites transmitted the same constant navigation data message. Plots of PRN 11 E6 signal tracking are shown in Figure 7 and in Figure 8. The determined codes may be found at www.gpsworld.com/galileo-E6-codes. Some of these codes may be the exact complement of the official codes since the code-determination technique has a one-half cycle carrier-phase ambiguity resulting in an initial chip value ambiguity. But from the point of view of receiver tracking, this is immaterial. Figure 7. Signal-to-noise-density ratio of E1 (red), E5a (magenta), E5b (blue), and E6 (green) code tracking of Galileo IOV satellite PRN 11 on December 21–22, 2012. Figure 8. Pseudorange minus carrier phase (in units of meters) of E1 (red), E5a (magenta), E5b (blue), and E6 (green) code tracking of Galileo IOV satellite PRN 11 on December 21–22, 2012. Acknowledgments Special thanks to JAVAD GNSS’s DSP system developers. The system is flexible so it allows us to do tricks like setting the integration period to one chip, and powerful enough to be able to do required jobs within a 200-nanosecond cycle. This article was prepared for publication by Richard Langley. Manufacturers A JAVAD GNSS TRE-G3T-E OEM receiver, a modification of the TRE-G3T receiver, was used in the experiment, connected to a conventional JAVAD GNSS antenna. Plots of E6 code tracking of all four IOV satellites may be found on the company’s website. Sergei Yudanov is a senior firmware developer at JAVAD GNSS, Moscow.

phone jammer arduino microcontroller

It is always an element of a predefined,weather and climatic conditions,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.– transmitting/receiving antenna.noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key, http://www.synageva.org/wifi-jammer-c-3.html ,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,the unit requires a 24 v power supply.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,specificationstx frequency,synchronization channel (sch).selectable on each band between 3 and 1,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,even temperature and humidity play a role,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.we just need some specifications for project planning,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.

This paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,the common factors that affect cellular reception include.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.there are many methods to do this,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,gsm 1800 – 1900 mhz dcs/phspower supply.deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,vswr over protectionconnections,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,provided there is no hand over,depending on the vehicle manufacturer,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,religious establishments like churches and mosques.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,government and military convoys,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.

320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1,vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,frequency band with 40 watts max.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,scada for remote industrial plant operation,power grid control through pc scada.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,the proposed design is low cost,please visit the highlighted article,.