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The Universal Software Radio Peripheral as RF Front-End By Ningyan Guo, Staffan Backén, and Dennis Akos The authors designed a full-constellation GNSS receiver, using a cost-effective, readily available, flexible front-end, wide enough to capture the frequency from 1555 MHz to 1607 MHz, more than 50MHz. This spectrum width takes into account BeiDou E2, Galileo E1, GPS L1, and GLONASS G1. In the course of their development, the authors used an external OCXO oscillator as the reference clock and reconfigured the platform, developing their own custom wide-band firmware. The development of the Galileo and BeiDou constellations will make many more GNSS satellite measurements be available in the near future. Multiple constellations offer wide-area signal coverage and enhanced signal redundancy. Therefore, a wide-band multi-constellation receiver can typically improve GNSS navigation performance in terms of accuracy, continuity, availability, and reliability. Establishing such a wide-band multi-constellation receiver was the motivation for this research. A typical GNSS receiver consists of three parts: RF front-end, signal demodulation, and generation of navigation information. The RF front-end mainly focuses on amplifying the input RF signals, down-converting them to an intermediate frequency (IF), and filtering out-of-band signals. Traditional hardware-based receivers commonly use application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) units to fulfill signal demodulation and transfer the range and carrier phase measurements to the navigation generating part, which is generally implemented in software. Conversely, software-based receivers typically implement these two functions through software. In comparison to a hardware-based receiver, a software receiver provides more flexibility and supplies more complex signal processing algorithms. Therefore, software receivers are increasingly popular for research and development. The frequency coverage range, amplifier performance, filters, and mixer properties of the RF front-end will determine the whole realization of the GNSS receiver. A variety of RF front-end implementations have emerged during the past decade. Real down-conversion multi-stage IF front-end architecture typically amplifies filters and mixes RF signals through several stages in order to get the baseband signals. However, real down-conversion can bring image-folding and rejection. To avoid these drawbacks, complex down-conversion appears to resolve much of these problems. Therefore, a complex down-conversion multi-stage IF front-end has been developed. But it requires a high-cost, high-power supply, and is larger for a multi-stage IF front-end. This shortcoming is overcome by a direct down-conversion architecture. This front-end has lower cost; but there are several disadvantages with direct down-conversion, such as DC offset and I/Q mismatch. DC offset is caused by local oscillation (LO) leakage reflected from the front-end circuit, the antenna, and the receiver external environment. A comparison of current traditional RF front-ends and different RF front-end implementation types led us to the conclusion that one model of a universal software radio peripheral, the USRP N210, would make an appropriate RF front end option. USRP N210 utilizes a low-IF complex direct down-conversion architecture that has several favorable properties, enabling developers to build a wide range of RF reception systems with relatively low cost and effort. It also offers high-speed signal processing. Most importantly, the source code of USRP firmware is open to all users, enabling researchers to rapidly design and implement powerful, flexible, reconfigurable software radio systems. Therefore, we chose the USRP N210 as our reception device to develop our wide-band multi-constellation GNSS receiver, shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Custom wide-band multi-constellation software receiver architecture based on universal software radio peripheral (USRP). USRP Front-End Architecture The USRP N210 front-end has wider band-width and radio frequency coverage in contrast with other traditional front-ends as shown by the comparison in Table 1. It has the potential to implement multiple frequencies and multiple-constellation GNSS signal reception. Moreover, it performs higher quantization, and the onboard Ethernet interface offers high-speed data transfer. Table 1. GNSS front-ends comparison. USRP N210 is based on the direct low-IF complex down-conversion receiver architecture that is a combination of the traditional analog complex down-conversion implemented on daughter boards and the digital signal conditioning conducted in the motherboard. Some studies have shown that the low-IF complex down-conversion receiver architecture overcomes some of the well-known issues associated with real down-conversion super heterodyne receiver architecture and direct IF down-conversion receiver architecture, such as high cost, image-folding, DC offset, and I/Q mismatch. The low-IF receiver architecture effectively lessens the DC offset by having an LO frequency after analog complex down-conversion. The first step uses a direct complex down-conversion scheme to transform the input RF signal into a low-IF signal. The filters located after the mixer are centered at the low-IF to filter out the unwanted signals. The second step is to further down-covert the low-IF signal to baseband, or digital complex down-conversion. Similar to the first stage, a digital half band filter has been developed to filter out-of-band interference. Therefore, direct down-conversion instead of multi-stage IF down-conversion overcomes the cost problem; in the meantime, the signal is down-converted to low-IF instead of base-band frequency as in the direct down-conversion receiver, so the problem of the DC offset is also avoided in the low-IF receiver. These advantages make the USRP N210 platform an attractive option as GNSS receiver front-end. Figure 2 shows an example GNSS signal-streaming path schematic on a USRP N210 platform with a DBSRX2 daughter board. Figure 3 shows a photograph of internal structure of a USRP N210 platform. Figure 2 GNSS signal streaming on USRP N210 + DBSRX2 circuit. Figure 3. USRP N210 internal structure. The USRP N210 platform includes a main board and a daughterboard. In the main board, 14-bit high precision analog-digital converters (ADCs) and digital-analog converters (DACs) permit wide-band signals covering a high dynamic range. The core of the main board is a high-speed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that allows high-speed signal processing. The FPGA configuration implements down-conversion of the baseband signals to a zero center frequency, decimates the sampled signals, filtering out-of-band components, and finally transmits them through a packet router to the Ethernet port. The onboard numerically controlled oscillator generates the digital sinusoid used by the digital down-conversion process. A cascaded integrator-comb (CIC) filter serves as decimator to down-sample the signal. The signals are filtered by a half pass filter for rejecting the out-of-band signals. A Gigabit Ethernet interface effectively enables the delivery of signals out of the USRP N210, up to 25MHz of RF bandwidth. In the daughterboard, first the RF signals are amplified, then the signals are mixed by a local onboard oscillator according to a complex down-conversion scheme. Finally, a band-pass filter is used remove the out-of-band signals. Several available daughter boards can perform signal conditioning and tuning implementation. It is important to choose an appropriate daughter board, given the requirements for the data collection. A support driver called Universal Hardware Driver (UHD) for the USRP hardware, under Linux, Windows and Mac OS X, is an open-source driver that contains many convenient assembly tools. To boot and configure the whole system, the on-board microprocessor digital signal processor (DSP) needs firmware, and the FPGA requires images. Firmware and FPGA images are downloaded into the USRP platform based on utilizations provided by the UHD. Regarding the source of firmware and FPGA images, there are two methods to obtain them:   directly use the binary release firmware and images posted on the web site of the company;   build (and potentially modify) the provided source code. USRP Testing and Implementation Some essential testing based on the original configuration of the USRP N210 platform provided an understanding of its architecture, which was necessary to reconfigure its firmware and to set up the wide-band, multi-constellation GNSS receiver. We collected some real GPS L1 data with the USRP N210 as RF front-end. When we processed these GPS L1 data using a software-defined radio (SDR), we encountered a major issue related to tracking, described in the following section. Onboard Oscillator Testing. A major problem with the USRP N210 is that its internal temperature-controlled crystal oscillator (TCXO) is not stable in terms of frequency. To evaluate this issue, we recorded some real GPS L1 data and processed the data with our software receiver. As shown in Figure 4, this issue results in the loss of GPS carrier tracking loop at 3.18 seconds, when the carrier loop bandwidth is 25Hz. Figure 4. GPS carrier loop loss of lock. Consequently, we adjusted the carrier loop bandwidth up to 100Hz; then GPS carrier tracking is locked at the same timing (3.18s), shown in Figure 5, but there is an almost 200 Hz jump in less than 5 milliseconds. Figure 5. GPS carrier loop lock tracking. As noted earlier, the daughter card of the USRP N210 platform utilizes direct IF complex down-conversion to tune GNSS RF signals. The oscillator of the daughter board generates a sinusoid signal that serves as mixer to down-convert input GNSS RF signals to a low IF signal. Figure 6 illustrates the daughter card implementation. The drawback of this architecture is that it may bring in an extra frequency shift by the unstable oscillator. The configuration of the daughter-card oscillator is implemented by an internal TCXO clock, which is on the motherboard. Unfortunately, the internal TCXO clock has coarse resolution in terms of frequency adjustments. This extra frequency offset multiplies the corresponding factor that eventually provides mixer functionality to the daughter card. This approach can directly lead to a large frequency offset to the mixer, which is brought into the IF signals. Figure 6. Daughter-card tuning implementation. Finally, when we conduct the tracking operation through the software receiver, this large frequency offset is beyond the lock range of a narrow, typically desirable, GNSS carrier tracking loop, as shown in Figure 4. In general, a TCXO is preferred when size and power are critical to the application. An oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) is a more robust product in terms of frequency stability with varying temperature. Therefore, for the USRP N210 onboard oscillator issue, it is favorable to use a high-quality external OCXO as the basic reference clock when using USRP N210 for GNSS applications. Front-End Daughter-Card Options. A variety of daughter-card options exist to amplify, mix, and filter RF signals. Table 2 lists comparison results of three daughter cards (BURX, DBSRX and DBSRX2) to supply some guidance to researchers when they are faced with choosing the correct daughter-board. Table 2. Front-end daughter-card options. The three daughter cards have diverse properties, such as the primary ASIC, frequency coverage range, filter bandwidth and adjustable gain. BURX gives wider radio frequency coverage than DBSRX and DBSRX2. DBSRX2 offers the widest filter bandwidth among the three options. To better compare the performance of the three daughter cards, we conducted another three experiments. In the first, we directly connected the RF port with a terminator on the USRP N210 platform to evaluate the noise figure on the three daughter cards. From Figure 7, we can draw some conclusions: BURX has a better sensitivity than DBSRX and DBSRX2 when the gain is set below 30dB. DBSRX2 observes feedback oscillation when the gain set is higher than 70dB. Figure 7. Noise performance comparisons of three daughter cards. The second experimental setup configuration used a USRP N210 platform, an external OCXO oscillator to provide stable reference clock, and a GPS simulator to evaluate the C/N0 performance of the three daughter boards. The input RF signals are identical, as they come from the same configuration of the GPS simulator. Figure 8 illustrates the C/N0 performance comparison based on this experimental configuration. The figure shows that BURX performs best, with DBSRX2 just slightly behind, while DBSRX has a noise figure penalty of 4dB. Figure 8. C/N0 performance comparisons of three daughter cards. In the third experiment, we added an external amplifier to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). From Figure 9, we see that the BURX, DBSRX and DBSRX2 have the same C/N0 performance, effectively validating the above conclusion. Thus, an external amplifier is recommended when using the DBSRX or DBSRX2 daughter boards. Figure 9. C/N0 performance comparisons of three daughter cards with an external amplifier. The purpose of these experiments was to find a suitable daughter board for collecting wide-band multi-constellation GNSS RF signals. The important qualities of an appropriate wide-band multi-constellation GNSS receiver are: high sensitivity; wide filter bandwidth; and wide frequency range. After a comparison of the three daughter boards, we found that the BURX has a better noise figure than the DBSRX or DBSRX2. The overall performance of the BURX and DBSRX2 are similar however. Using an external amplifier effectively decreases the required gain on all three daughter cards, which correspondingly reduces the effect of the internal thermal noise and enhances the signal noise ratio. As a result, when collecting real wide-band multi-constellation GNSS RF signals, it is preferable to use an external amplifier. To consider recording GNSS signals across a 50MHz band, DBSRX2 provides the wider filter bandwidth among the three daughter-card options, and thus we selected it as a suitable daughter card. Custom Wide-band Firmware Development. When initially implementing the wideband multi-constellation GNSS reception devices based on the USRP N210 platform, we found a shortcoming in the default configuration of this architecture, whose maximum bandwidth is 25MHz. It is not wide enough to record 50MHz multi-constellation GNSS signals (BeiDou E2, GPS L1, Galileo E1, and GlonassG1). A 50MHz sampling rate (in some cases as much as 80 MHz) is needed to demodulate the GNSS satellites’ signals. Meanwhile since the initiation of the research, the USRP manufacturer developed and released a 50MHz firmware. To highlight our efforts, we further modified the USRP N210 default configuration to increase the bandwidth up to 100MHz, which has the potential to synchronously record multi-constellation multi-frequency GNSS signals (Galileo E5a and E5b, GPS L5 and L2) for further investigation of other multi-constellation applications, such as ionospheric dispersion within wideband GNSS signals, or multi-constellation GNSS radio frequency compatibility and interoperability. Apart from reprogramming the host driver, we focused on reconfiguring the FPGA firmware. With the aid of anatomizing signal flow in the FPGA, we obtained a particular realization method of augmenting its bandwidth. Figure 10 shows the signal flow in the FPGA of the USRP N210 architecture. Figure 10. Signal flow in the FPGA of the USRP N210 platform. The ADC produces 14-bit sampled data. After the digital down-conversion implementation in the FPGA, 16-bit complex I/Q sample data are available for the packet transmitting step. According to the induction document of the USRP N210 platform, VITA Radio Transport Protocol functions as an overall framework in the FPGA to provide data transmission and to implement an infrastructure that maintains sample-accurate alignment of signal data. After significant processing in the VITA chain, 36-bit data is finally given to the packet router. The main function of the packet router is to transfer sample data without any data transformation. Finally, through the Gigabit Ethernet port, the host PC receives the complex sample data. In an effort to widen the bandwidth of the USRP N210 platform, the bit depth needs to be reduced, which cuts 16-bit complex I/Q sample data to a smaller length, such as 8-bit, 4-bit, or even 2-bit, to solve the problem. By analyzing Figure 10, to fulfill the project’s demanding requirements, modification to the data should be performed after ADC sampling, but before the digital down-conversion. We directly extract the 4-bit most significant bits (MSBs) from the ADC sampling data and combined eight 4-bit MSB into a new 16-bit complex I/Q sample, and gave this custom sample data to the packet router, increasing the bandwidth to 100 MHz. Wide-Band Receiver Performance Analysis. The custom USRP N210-based wide-band multi-constellation GNSS data reception experiment is set up as shown in Figure 11. Figure 11. Wide-band multi-constellation GNSS data recording system. A wide-band antenna collected the raw GNSS data, including GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. An external amplifier was included to decrease the overall noise figure. An OCXO clock was used as the reference clock of the USRP N210 system. After we found the times when Galileo and BeiDou satellites were visible from our location, we first tested the antenna and external amplifier using a commercial receiver, which provided a reference position. Then we used 1582MHz as the reception center frequency and issued the corresponding command on the host computer to start collecting the raw wide-band GNSS signals. By processing the raw wide-band GNSS data through our software receiver, we obtained the acquisition results from all constellations shown in Figure 12; and tracking results displayed in Figure 13. Figure 12. Acquisition results for all constellations. Figure 13. Tracking results for all constellations. We could not do the full-constellation position solution because Galileo was not broadcasting navigation data at the time of the collection and the ICD for BeiDou had not yet been released. Therefore, respectively using GPS and GLONASS tracking results, we provided the position solution and timing information that are illustrated in Figure 14 and in Figure 15. Figure 14. GPS position solution and timing information. Figure 15. GLONASS position solution. Conclusions By processing raw wide-band multi-constellation GNSS signals through our software receiver, we successfully acquired and tracked satellites from the four constellations. In addition, since we achieved 100MHz bandwidth, we can also simultaneously capture modernized GPS and Galileo signals (L5 and L2; E5a and E5b, 1105–1205 MHz). In future work, a longer raw wide-band GNSS data set will be recorded and used to determine the user position leveraging all constellations. Also an urban collection test will be done to assess/demonstrate that multiple constellations can effectively improve the reliability and continuity of GNSS navigation. Acknowledgment The first author’s visiting stay to conduct her research at University of Colorado is funded by China Scholarship Council, File No. 2010602084. This article is based on a paper presented at the Institute of Navigation International Technical Conference 2013 in San Diego, California. Manufacturers The USRP N210 is manufactured by Ettus Research. The core of the main board is a high-speed Xilinx Spartan 3A DSP FPGA. Ettus Research provides a support driver called Universal Hardware Driver (UHD) for the USRP hardware. A wide-band Trimble antenna was used in the final experiment. Ningyan Guo is a Ph.D. candidate at Beihang University, China. She is currently a visiting scholar at the University of Colorado at Boulder. Staffan Backén is a postdoctoral researcher at University of Colorado at Boulder. He received a Ph.D. in in electrical engineering from Luleå University of Technology, Sweden. Dennis Akos completed a Ph.D. in electrical engineering at Ohio University. He is an associate professor in the Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department at the University of Colorado at Boulder with visiting appointments at Luleå University of Technology and Stanford University

phone jammer arduino relay

The scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.< 500 maworking temperature,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.> -55 to – 30 dbmdetection range,portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.three circuits were shown here,placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer.2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.

Our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,40 w for each single frequency band,cell phones are basically handled two way ratios.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers,complete infrastructures (gsm.building material and construction methods,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm),power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.department of computer scienceabstract,this combined system is the right choice to protect such locations.v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit.the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.

All mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,binary fsk signal (digital signal),please visit the highlighted article.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association.where shall the system be used,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,one is the light intensity of the room.

Bomb threats or when military action is underway,the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2,please visit the highlighted article.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,morse key or microphonedimensions,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,variable power supply circuits,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,whether in town or in a rural environment.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,temperature controlled system.please see the details in this catalogue.

Frequency band with 40 watts max.jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first).whether voice or data communication,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,its total output power is 400 w rms,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.this can also be used to indicate the fire,i have designed two mobile jammer circuits.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.

It has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,variable power supply circuits,upon activating mobile jammers.depending on the already available security systems,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor.the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,provided there is no hand over,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,all these functions are selected and executed via the display.thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies.power grid control through pc scada,9 v block battery or external adapter.exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.weather and climatic conditions.sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,-10°c – +60°crelative humidity,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz.

2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,are suitable means of camouflaging,control electrical devices from your android phone,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings.and frequency-hopping sequences.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.programmable load shedding.weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.ac power control using mosfet / igbt.

All these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology.this project shows a temperature-controlled system.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.wireless mobile battery charger circuit,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,band selection and low battery warning led,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,while most of us grumble and move on.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.

The choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz.doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone.this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.upon activation of the mobile jammer.the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.we just need some specifications for project planning,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,.