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By Inder Jeet Gupta It is well known that the phase center of a GNSS antenna can vary with the satellite direction. This phase center movement leads to aspect dependent carrier phase and code phase biases in the satellite signal. For precise geo-location, one needs to characterize the antenna-induced carrier and code phase biases over the upper hemisphere. In the case of fixed pattern antennas (the antenna pattern does not vary with the incident signal environment) one can characterize the antenna induced biases a priori and use the data for corrections in the field. This is a standard practice in the surveying community. For antennas used with AJ (Anti-Jam) systems, however, a priori characterization of the antenna induced biases may not be of much value. These antennas consist of multiple elements. The signals received by various antenna elements are weighted and then summed together to form the composite output signal. The element weights depend on the incident signal (mainly interfering signal) scenario. As the incident signal scenario changes so do the individual antenna element weights which in turn will lead to different values for antenna induced carrier phase and code phase biases. As illustration, Figure 1 shows the antenna induced code phase bias of an AJ antenna over the upper hemisphere in the absence of all interfering signals as well as in the presence of two interfering signals. Figure 1. Antenna induced code phase bias (in meters) over the upper hemisphere. Left: no interfering signal; right: two interfering signals. In the figure, the center of the circle corresponds to the zenith and the outer ring corresponds to the horizon. The antenna induced code phase bias is plotted using a color scale in meters. Note that even in the absence of interfering signals, the antenna induced bias varies with the aspect angle. The presence of the interfering signals affects the antenna induced biases. This is true in the angular region surrounding the interfering signals as well as in the angular region away from the interfering signals. One can observe this more clearly in Figure 2 where the difference between the antenna induced code phase biases in the absence of interfering signals and in the presence of interfering signals is plotted using a color scale in centimeters. Note that the difference in the antenna induced code phase bias is quite significant, and one may not be able to obtain precise location without proper corrections. Figure 2. Difference (in cm) between the antenna-induced code phase bias in the presence of two interfering signals and in the absence of the interfering signals. The question is what could be done to minimize the effects of adaptive antenna induced biases in GNSS receivers. In my opinion, one can take the following two approaches. In the first approach (see reference), one predicts the antenna-induced biases on the fly. This approach requires knowledge of in situ volumetric patterns of individual elements of an AJ antenna over the bandwidth of GNSS signals as well as access to the antenna element weights. With a perfect knowledge of these quantities, one can come up with a very good prediction and can correct for the antenna induced biases. The sensitivity of the prediction to various parameters, however, needs to be studied. The second approach would be to develop novel weighting algorithms for GPS receiver adaptive antennas. Note that the current algorithms are mostly designed to either steer nulls in the interfering signal directions or maximize carrier to noise ratio in some sense. These novel algorithms should not only lead to improved carrier to noise ratio in the presence of interfering signals but should also make sure that the antenna-induced biases do not vary from their values in the absence of all interfering signals. Further, these algorithms should not use many degrees of freedom to meet the various constraints in that GNSS AJ antennas do not have many degrees of freedom. If most of the degrees of freedom are consumed to meet the above constraints then one will not have enough degrees of freedom left to null the interfering signals. This is a very challenging task, but leads to a good research problem! Inder J. Gupta Ohio State University References I.J. Gupta, et. al., Prediction of antenna and antenna electronics induced biases in GNSS receivers, Proceedings of ION 2007 National Technical Meeting, San Diego, CA, January 2007.

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Communication system technology,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg.modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.temperature controlled system.4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior.one is the light intensity of the room,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,we just need some specifications for project planning,this task is much more complex.the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,when shall jamming take place,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,2100-2200 mhztx output power,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature.a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,– transmitting/receiving antenna.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.

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1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.with the antenna placed on top of the car,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board.40 w for each single frequency band,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1.

The common factors that affect cellular reception include,its called denial-of-service attack.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.all mobile phones will indicate no network,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level.micro controller based ac power controller.both outdoors and in car-park buildings.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,scada for remote industrial plant operation,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption.

The proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational.completely autarkic and mobile.the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope.5% – 80%dual-band output 900.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.automatic changeover switch,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w,with its highest output power of 8 watt,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.frequency scan with automatic jamming.government and military convoys,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm..