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Seven technologies that put GPS in mobile phones around the world — the how and why of location’s entry into modern consumer mobile communications. By Frank van Diggelen, Broadcom Corporation Exactly a decade has passed since the first major milestone of the GPS-mobile phone success story, the E-911 legislation enacted in 1999. Ensuing developments in that history include: Snaptrack bought by Qualcomm in 2000 for $1 billion, and many other A-GPS startups are spawned. Commercial GPS receiver sensitivity increases roughly 30 times, to 2150 dBm (1998), then another 10 times, to 2160 dBm in 2006, and perhaps another three times to date, for a total of almost 1,000 times extra sensitivity. We thought the main benefit of this would be indoor GPS, but perhaps even more importantly it has meant very, very cheap antennas in mobile phones. Meanwhile: Host-based GPS became the norm, radically simplifying the GPS chip, so that, with the cheap antenna, the total bill of materials (BOM) cost for adding GPS to a phone is now just a few dollars! Thus we see GPS penetration increasing in all mobile phones and, in particular, going towards 100 percent in smartphones. This article covers the technology revolution behind GPS in mobile phones; but first, let’s take a brief look at the market growth. This montage gives a snapshot of 28 of the 228 distinct Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) smartphone models (as of this writing) that carry GPS.   Back in 1999, there were no smartphones with GPS; five years later still fewer than 10 different models; and in the last few years that number has grown above 200. This is that rare thing, often predicted and promised, seldom seen: the hockey stick! The catalyst was E-911 — abetted by seven different technology enablers, as well as the dominant spin-off technology (long-term orbits) that has taken this revolution beyond the cell phone. In 1999, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted the E-911 rules that were also legislated by the U.S. Congress. Remember, however, that E-911 wasn’t all about GPS at first. It was initially assumed that most of the location function would be network-based. Then, in September 1999, the FCC modified the rules for handset technologies. Even then, assisted GPS (A-GPS) was only adopted in the mobile networks synchronized to GPS time, namely code-division multiple access (CDMA) and integrated digital enhanced network (iDEN, a variant of time-division multiple access). The largest networks in the world, GSM and now 3G, are not synchronized to GPS time, and, at first, this meant that other technologies (such as enhanced observed time difference, now extinct) would be the E-911 winners. As we all now know, GPS and GNSS are the big winners for handset location. E-911 became the major driver for GPS in the United States, and indirectly throughout the world, but only after GPS technology evolved far enough, thanks to the seven technologies I will now discuss. Technology #1. Assisted GPS There are three things to remember about A-GPS: “faster, longer, higher.” The Olympic motto is “faster, stronger, higher,” so just think of that, but remember “faster, longer, higher.” The most obvious feature of A-GPS is that it replaces the orbit data transmitted by the satellite. A cell tower can transmit the same (or equivalent) data, and so the A-GPS receiver operates — faster. The receiver has to search over a two-dimensional code/frequency space to find each GPS satellite signal in the first place. Assistance data reduces this search space, allowing the receiver to spend longer doing signal integration, and this in turn means higher sensitivity (Figure 1). Longer, higher. FIGURE 1. A-GPS: reduced search space allows longer integration for higher sensitivity. Now let’s look at this code/frequency search in more detail, and introduce the concepts of fine time, coarse time, and massive parallel correlation. Any assistance data helps reduce the frequency search. The frequency search is just as you might scan the dial on a car radio looking for a radio station — but the different GPS frequencies are affected by the satellite motion, their Doppler effect. If you know in advance whether the satellite is rising or setting, then you can narrow the frequency-search window. The code-delay is more subtle. The entire C/A code repeats every millisecond. So narrowing the code-delay search space requires knowledge of GPS time to better than one millisecond, before you have acquired the signal. We call this “fine-time.” Only two phone systems had this time accuracy: CDMA and iDEN, both synchronized to GPS time. The largest networks (GSM, and now 3G) are not synchronized to GPS time. They are within 62 seconds of GPS time; we call this “coarse-time.” Initially, only the two fine-time systems adopted A-GPS. Then came massive parallel correlation, technology number two, and high sensitivity, technology number three. #2, #3. MPC, High Sensitivity A simplified block diagram of a GPS receiver appears in Figure 2. Traditional GPS (prior to 1999) had just two or three correlators per channel. They would search the code-delay space until they found the signal, and then track the signal by keeping one correlator slightly ahead (early) and one slightly behind (late) the correlation peak. These are the so-called “early-late”correlators.   FIGURE 2. Massive parallel correllation. Massive parallel correlation is defined as enough correlators to search all C/A code delays simultaneously on multiple channels. In hardware, this means tens of thousands of correlators. The effect of massive parallel correlation is that all code-delays are searched in parallel, so the receiver can spend longer integrating the signal whether or not fine-time is available. So now we can be faster, longer, higher, regardless of the phone system on which we implement A-GPS. Major milestones of massive parallel correlation (MPC): In 1999, MPC was done in software, the most prominent example being by Snaptrack, who did this with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) running on a digital signal processor (DSP). The first chip with MPC in hardware was the GL16000, produced by Global Locate, then a small startup (now owned by Broadcom). In 2005, the first smartphone implementation of MPC: the HP iPaq used the GL20000 GPS chip. Today MPC is standard on GPS chips found in mobile phones. #4. Coarse-Time Navigation We have seen that A-GPS assistance relieves the receiver from decoding orbit data (making it faster), and MPC means it can operate with coarse-time (longer, higher). But the time-of-week (TOW) still needed to be decoded for the position computation and navigation: for unambiguous pseudoranges, and to know the time of transmission. Coarse-time navigation is a technique for solving for TOW, instead of decoding it. A key part of the technique involves adding an extra state to the standard navigation equation, and a corresponding extra column to the well known line-of-sight matrix. The technical consequence of this technique is that you can get a position faster than it is possible to decode TOW (for example, in one, two, or three seconds), or you can get a position when the signals are too weak to decode TOW. And a practical consequence is longer battery life: since you can get fast time-to-first-fix (TTFF) always, without frequently waking and running the receiver to maintain it in a hot-start state. #5. Low Time-of-Week A parallel effort to coarse-time navigation is low TOW decode, that is, lowering the threshold at which it is possible to decode the TOW data. In 1999, it was widely accepted that -142 dBm was the lower limit of signal strength at which you could decode TOW. This is because -142 dBm is where the energy in a single data bit is just observable if all you do is integrate for 20 ms. However, there have evolved better and better ways of decoding the TOW message, so that now it can be done down to -152 dBm. Today, different manufacturers will quote you different levels for achievable TOW decode, anywhere from -142 to -152 dBm, depending on who you talk to. But they will all tell you that they are at the theoretical minimum! #6, #7. Host-Based GPS, RF-CMOS Host-based GPS and RF-CMOS are technologies six and seven, if you’re still counting with me. We can understand the host-based architecture best by starting with traditional system-on-chip (SOC) architecture. An SOC GPS may come in a single package, but inside that package you would find three separate die, three separate silicon chips packaged together: A baseband die, including the central processing unit (CPU); a separate radio frequency tuner; and flash memory. The only cost-effective way of avoiding the flash memory is to have read-only memory (ROM), which could be part of the baseband die — but that means you cannot update the receiver software and keep up with the technological developments we’ve been talking about. Hence state-of-the-art SOCs throughout the last decade, and to date, looked like Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Host-based architecture, compared to SOC. The host-based architecture, by contrast, needs no CPU in the GPS. Instead, GPS software runs on the CPU and flash memory already present on the host device (for example, the smartphone). Meanwhile, radio-frequency complementary metal-oxide semi-conductor (RF-CMOS) technology allowed the RF tuner to be implemented on the same die as the baseband. Host-based GPS and RF- CMOS together allowed us to make single die GPS chips. The effect of this was that the cost of the chip went down dramatically without any loss in performance. Figure 4 shows the relative scales of some of largest-selling SOC and host- based chips, to give a comparative idea of silicon size (and cost). The SOC chip (on the left) is typically found in devices that need a CPU, while the host-based chip is found in devices that already have a CPU.   FIGURE 4. Relative sizes of host-based, compared to SOC. In 2005, the world’s first single-die GPS receiver appeared. Thanks to the single die, it had a very low bill of materials (BOM) cost, and has sold more than 50 million into major-brand smartphones and feature phones on the market. Review We have seen that E-911 was the big catalyst for getting GPS into phones, although initially only in CDMA and iDEN phones. E-911 became the driver for all phones once GPS evolved far enough, thanks to the seven technology enablers: A-GPS >> faster, longer, higher Massive parallel correlation >> longer, higher with coarse-time High-sensitivity >> cheap antennas Coarse time navigation >> fast TTFF without periodic wakeup Low TOW >> decode from weak signals Host-based GPS, together with RF-CMOS g single die. Meanwhile, as all this developed, several important spin-off technologies evolved to take this technology beyond the mobile phone. The most significant of all of these was long-term orbits (LTO), conceived on May 2, 2000, and now an industry standard. Long-Term Orbits Why May 2, 2000? Remember what happened on May 1, 2000: the U.S. government turned off selective availability (SA) on all GPS satellites. Suddenly it became much easier to predict future satellite orbits (and clocks) from the observations made by a civilian GPS network. At Global Locate, we had just such a network for doing A-GPS, as illustrated in Figure 5. On May 2 we said, “SA is off — wow! What does that mean for us?”And that’s where LTO for A-GPS came from. FIGURE 5. Broadcast ephemeris and long-term orbits. Figure 5 shows the A-GPS environment with and without LTO. The left half shows the situation with broadcast ephemeris only. An A-GPS reference station observes the broadcast ephemeris and provides it (or derived data) to the mobile A-GPS receiver in your mobile phone. The satellite has the orbits for many hours into the future; the problem is that you can’t get them. The blue and yellow blocks in the diagram represent how the ephemeris is stored and transmitted by the GPS satellite. The current ephemeris (yellow) is transmitted; the future ephemeris (blue) is stored in the satellite memory until it becomes current. So, frustratingly, even though the future ephemeris exists, you cannot ordinarily get it from the GPS system itself. The right half of the figure shows the situation with LTO. If a network of reference stations observes all the satellites all the time, then a server can compute the future orbits, and provide future ephemeris to any A-GPS receiver. Using the same color scheme as before, we show here that there are no unavailable future orbits; as soon as they are computed, they can be provided. And if the mobile device has a fast-enough CPU, it can compute future orbits itself, at least for the subset of satellites it has tracked. Beyond Phones. This idea of LTO has moved A-GPS from the mobile phone into almost any GPS device. Two of most interesting examples are personal navigation devices (PNDs) in cars, and smartphones themselves that continue to be useful gadgets once they roam away from the network. Now, of course, people were predicting orbits before 2000 — all the way back to Newton and Kepler, in fact. It’s just that in the year 2000, accurate future GPS orbits weren’t available to mobile receivers. At that time, the International GNSS Service (IGS) had, as it does now, a global network of reference stations, and provided precise GPS orbits organized into groups called Final, Rapid and Ultra-Rapid. The Ultra-Rapid orbit had the least latency of the three, but, in 2000, Ultra-Rapid meant the recent past, not the future. So for LTO we see that the last 10 years have taken us from a situation of nothing available to the mobile device, to today where these long-term orbits have become codified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) wireless standards, where they are known as “ephemeris extension.” Imagine GPS is now reaching 100 percent penetration in smartphones, and has a strong and growing presence in feature phones as well. GPS is now in more than 300 million mobile phones, at the very least; credible estimates range above 500 million. Now, imagine every receiver ever made since GPS was created 30 years ago: military and civilian, smart-bomb, boat, plane, hiking, survey, precision farming, GIS, Bluetooth-puck, personal digital assistant, and PND. In the last three years, we have put more GPS chips into mobile phones than the cumulative number of all other GPS receivers that have been built, ever! Frank van Diggelen has worked on GPS, GLONASS, and A-GPS for Navsys, Ashtech, Magellan, Global Locate, and now as a senior technical director and chief navigation officer of Broadcom Corporation. He has a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cambridge University, holds more than 45 issued U.S. patents on A-GPS, and is the author of the textbook A-GPS: Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS.

phone jammer car hire

Hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains,scada for remote industrial plant operation.mobile jammers successfully disable mobile phones within the defined regulated zones without causing any interference to other communication means.this is done using igbt/mosfet,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.wireless mobile battery charger circuit.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft).a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip.transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer.this project shows a temperature-controlled system.one is the light intensity of the room.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling,this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,presence of buildings and landscape.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.

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Using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,once i turned on the circuit,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1.our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication,thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters.is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems,are suitable means of camouflaging.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,weather and climatic conditions.band scan with automatic jamming (max.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service.the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,vswr over protectionconnections.conversion of single phase to three phase supply.this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,we then need information about the existing infrastructure.for such a case you can use the pki 6660.1 w output powertotal output power.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.

Here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,scada for remote industrial plant operation,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg.5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,it employs a closed-loop control technique.whether voice or data communication.upon activation of the mobile jammer.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,cell phones within this range simply show no signal,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.the present circuit employs a 555 timer.can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,when the mobile jammer is turned off,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,integrated inside the briefcase,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,this project shows a temperature-controlled system.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.wireless mobile battery charger circuit.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.

8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,with the antenna placed on top of the car.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.programmable load shedding.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind.even temperature and humidity play a role,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,5% – 80%dual-band output 900,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,its total output power is 400 w rms,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,armoured systems are available.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication.2100-2200 mhztx output power.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices).jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower.

Wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.religious establishments like churches and mosques,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,pll synthesizedband capacity,frequency band with 40 watts max,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use,the common factors that affect cellular reception include,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs,the data acquired is displayed on the pc.jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,.