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LocataLite installation showing Jps transceiver tower. Locata Fills Satellite Availability Holes in Obstructed Environments By Chris Rizos, Nunzio Gambale, and  Brendon Lilly An integrated GNSS+Locata system installed on drills, shovels, and bulldozers — the full complement of high-precision machines on site — at Australia’s Newmont Boddington Gold Mine has increased positioning accuracy and availability, as well as mine operational efficiencies, demonstrating an improvement in availability over GNSS-only of 75.3 to 98.7 percent. Many of the new paradigms in mining have at their core the requirement for reliable, continuous centimeter-level positioning accuracy to enable increased automation of mining operations. The deployment of precision systems for navigating, controlling, and monitoring machinery such as drills, bulldozers, draglines, and shovels with real-time position information increases operational efficiency, and the automation reduces the need for workers to be exposed to hazardous conditions. GPS singly, and GNSS collectively, despite their accuracy and versatility, cannot satisfy the stringent requirements for many applications in mine surveying, and mine machine guidance and control. Increasingly, open-cut mines are getting deeper, reducing the sky-view angle necessary for GNSS to operate satisfactorily. A new terrestrial high-accuracy positioning system can augment GNSS with additional terrestrial signals to enable centimeter-level accuracy, even when there are insufficient GNSS (GPS+GLONASS) satellite signals in view for reliable positioning and navigation. Locata relies on a network of synchronized ground-based transceivers that transmit positioning signals that can be tracked by suitably equipped user receivers. In September 2012, Leica Geosystems launched the first commercial product integrating GNSS and Locata capabilities into a single high-accuracy and high-availability positioning device for open-cut mine machine automation applications: Leica Jigsaw Positioning System (Jps) – Powered by Locata. This article describes technical aspects of this technology and presents positioning results of actual mine operations. In the near future — perhaps by 2020 — the number of GNSS and augmentation system satellites useful for high-accuracy positioning will increase to almost 150, with perhaps six times the number of broadcast signals on which carrier phase and pseudorange measurements can be made. However, the most severe limitation of GNSS performance will still remain: the accuracy of positioning deteriorates very rapidly when the user receiver loses direct view of the satellites. This typically occurs in deep open-cut mines as well as in skyscraper-dominated urban canyons. Locata’s positioning technology solution provides an option either to augment GNSS with extra terrestrial signals, or to replace GNSS entirely. Locata relies on a network of synchronized ground-based transceivers (LocataLites) that transmit positioning signals that can be tracked by suitably equipped user receivers. These transceivers form a network (LocataNet) that can operate in combination with GNSS, or entirely independent of GNSS. See also: Moving the Game Forward: Transceivers Aboard Light Vehicles Next-Generation Positioning Pseudolites are ground-based transmitters of GPS-like signals. Most pseudolites developed to date transmit signals at the GPS frequency bands. Both pseudorange and carrier-phase measurements can be made on the pseudolite signals. The use of pseudolites can be traced back to the early stages of GPS development in the late 1970s, when they were used to validate the GPS concept before launch of the first GPS satellites. In 1997, Locata Corporation began developing a technology to provide an alternate local GPS signal capability that would overcome many of the limitations of pseudolite-based positioning systems by using a time-synchronized transceiver. The LocataLite transmits GPS-like positioning signals but also can receive, track, and process signals from other LocataLites. A network of LocataLites forms a LocataNet, and the first-generation system transmitted signals using the same L1 frequency as GPS. Time-synchronized signals allow carrier-phase single-point positioning with centimeter-level accuracy for a mobile unit. In effect, the LocataNet is a new constellation of signals, with some unique features such as having no base station data requirement, requiring no wireless data link from reference station to mobile receiver, and no requirement for measurement double-differencing. Improvements dating from 2005 use a proprietary signal transmission structure that operates in the license-free Industry Scientific and Medical (ISM) band (2.4–2.4835GHz), known globally as the Wi-Fi band. Within this ISM band, the LocataLite design allows for the transmission of two frequencies, each modulated with two spatially-diverse PRN codes. From the beginning the driver for the Locata technology was to develop a centimeter-level accuracy positioning system that could complement, or replace, conventional RTK-GNSS in environments such as open-cut mines, deep valleys, heavily forested areas, urban and even indoor locations, where obstruction of satellite-based signals occurs. Leica Geosystems has been testing Locata in the Newmont Boddington Gold Mine (NBG) in Western Australia for several years. In 2006, NBG started installing Leica Geosystems high-precision GPS-based guidance systems for fleet management. The mine operators determined early on that as the pit grew deeper, they would need an alternative positioning system for these guidance systems to continue working for the life of the mine. In March 2012, Leica Geosystems deployed a world-first production version of its Jigsaw Positioning system, integrating GNSS+Locata, at the NBG mine. Expected to become Australia’s largest gold producer, the mine consists of two pits (Figure 1). The North Pit at NBG is currently about 1 kilometer long, 600 meters wide, and now approaching 275 meters deep. Figure 1. Location of 12 LocataLites at NBG Mine. Figure 2. The Newmont Boddington pit, 900 feet deep and going deeper all the time, creates difficulties for GNSS equipment positioning the mine’s heavy machinery. A single LocataNet consisting of 12 LocataLites was deployed during April and May 2012 in an initial installation designed to cover both pits in the mine. The results presented here are taken from tests in the North Pit. Leica’s version of the LocataLite is solar-powered and designed to be placed in the best locations to achieve the maximum benefit. As no special consideration for the location of a transmitter base station is required, the LocataLites can be placed in areas on the rim of the pit or just above the machines operating in the pit floor. The only set-up requirement is that they are able to see at least one other LocataLite to synchronize their transmissions to around 1 nanosecond or better throughout the mine. Each Jps transmit tower has four small patch antennas mounted in an array. The uppermost is a GNSS antenna used to self-survey the top of the tower, and hence derive the positions of the other antennas below it on the tower. The Locata transmit 1 antenna is mounted directly under the GNSS antenna. The Locata receive antenna is directly under that, and the Locata transmit 2 antenna is around two meters lower down on the tower. All the antennas are separated by a known distance, and the LocataLite transmit antennas can be tilted down into the pit to maximize the signal broadcast into the area. Each LocataLite transmits four independent positioning signals, two signals from each transmit antenna. These signals provide a level of redundancy and greatly assist in the mitigation of multipath problems in the pit, thereby contributing to the robustness and reliability of the positioning solution. Jps receivers were first installed on two production drill rigs in April 2012. Installation on drills was the highest priority because they are the machines at NBG that operate closest to pit walls and other obstructions, and therefore stood to benefit most from having more reliable positioning. Each Jps receiver incorporates two GNSS and two Locata receivers (Figure 3). One GNSS and Locata receiver pair is connected to a co-located antenna on one side of the machine and the other GNSS and Locata receiver pair is connected to the other co-located antenna. The GNSS receivers obtain their RTK corrections from an RTK base station. The Locata receivers do not require any corrections. The system uses the NMEA outputs from both pairs of receivers to determine the position and heading of the drill rig for navigation purposes. Figure 3. Jps receiver with integrated GNSS and Locata receivers and two receiver antennas. The goal of the Jps receiver is to improve the availability of high-accuracy RTK positions with fixed carrier phase integer ambiguities. The results presented here are therefore divided into three sections: Improvements in availability over a two-month period for all the data in the North Pit. Improvements in availability for an area in the pit where the GNSS savings are expressed in dollar terms. Accuracy results achieved and maintained in this GNSS-degraded area. The performance results shown here are real-world samples of the system operating on drills at NBG. However, it will be appreciated that GNSS satellites are in constant motion, so GNSS-only position availability in different parts of the pit changes by the hour. The results therefore only apply to those drills in those positions in the pit at that time. Another drill a little distance away in the same pit could experience far better or far worse GNSS availability at exactly the same time. Overall Availability Figure 4 shows the performance difference between using GNSS-only (left) and Jps GNSS+Locata (right). The data for these plots was recorded for the two drills that contained the Jps receiver in the North Pit during the months of April and May 2012. A green dot represents the time the receiver had a RTK fixed solution, and a red dot represents all other lower-quality position solutions — essentially when the receiver was unable to achieve the required RTK accuracy because of insufficient GNSS signals or geometry. Figure 4. Plots of availability and position quality in the North Pit at NBG for April and May 2012 for GNSS (left) and Jps (right). Green = RTK (fixed) solution, Red = all lesser quality solutions. Although the availability of GNSS-only RTK fixed position solutions was reasonably good over this entire area, being at the 92.3 percent level at that time, the Jps nevertheless provided a measurable improvement of 6.5 percent to availability, bringing it up to 98.8 percent. Considering that during those two months, the two drills spent a total of 72.24 operational days in the North Pit, this improvement equates to nearly 4.7 days or 112.7 hours of additional guidance availability. Figure 5 highlights the low positional quality for the GNSS-only solutions and how Jps significantly improved the availability in areas of limited GNSS satellite visibility. Figure 5. Plots showing non-RTK quality positions, demonstrating that Jps can help reduce lesser-quality RTK solutions. (Performance in the circled area is highlighted in more detail in Figure 6.) Availability in Poor GNSS Visibility The ellipse in Figure 5 highlights a particular location in the North Pit where GNSS positioning consistently struggles due to the presence of the northern wall and to a lesser extent from the eastern wall. The integration of GNSS and Locata signals improved availability as shown in Figure 6, which in this case increased by 23.4 percent. Figure 6. Zoomed-in area where GNSS performance was poor between May 2 and May 4, 2012. The circled area shows where the accuracy tests were performed. As the machine downtime due to not having a RTK position costs the mine approximately U.S. $1000 per hour for each drill, the improvement in availability of 112.7 hours for just the two drills shown in Figure 5 over the two months equates to a savings of $112,700 in operational costs. This productivity increase is significant, considering that the GNSS-only availability in this case still seems relatively good at 92.3 percent. If the GNSS availability for those two months was more like 75 percent — as was the case shown in Figure 6 for the two days in May — then the cost savings become far greater, approaching nearly $400,000, for just two drills over two months. Even a small increase in productivity brings a significant financial benefit ($110,000 per hour) when all 11 drill rigs running in the mine are affected by loss of GNSS positioining availability, yet continue to operate with Jps. Today all 11 drills in the pits have been fitted with the Jps GNSS+Locata Receivers. As a point of reference to emphasize the level of operational savings: if the Jps had been fitted to all 11 drills during the April and May 2012 period shown in the above results, the cost savings at that time would have been on the order of $1,000,000. It is clear that the savings in production costs that can be gained from improving the availability to the fleet guidance system has a significant impact on the return-on-investment, potentially covering the installation costs within months of deployment. It should also be emphasized that as the pits get deeper, GNSS availability will only degrade further, and the evident production and dollar benefits of the integrated GNSS+Locata system become even larger. Relative Accuracy The above levels of improvement in availability are of no benefit if the position accuracy is not maintained within acceptable limits. In order to compare the relative accuracy between the two systems, a dataset was taken from the same data above (circle in Figure 6) when the machine was stationary. The average position difference between the GNSS-only and Jps receivers for the hour-long dataset was 1.2 centimeters horizontally and 2.7 cm in the vertical component (Table 1). The spread of the position solutions for the two receivers were comparable in the horizontal, with Jps providing a slightly better horizontal RMS value due to the extra Locata signals being tracked and the stronger overall geometry. Additionally, Jps showed a better RMS in the vertical compared to GNSS-only. Table 1. Comparison of relative accuracy and RMS between the GNSS-only and GNSS+Locata solutions. Figure 7a shows the spread of horizontal positions for the Jps receiver, where 0,0 is the mean horizontal position during this time. Note that all the positions are grouped within +/-2 cm of the mean without any outliers. Figure 7b shows the corresponding spread in the vertical positions. These are well within the acceptable accuracy limits required by the machine guidance systems used at the mine. Figure 7A. Scatter plot of the positions from the Jps receiver over a period of over an hour. Figure 7B. Vertical error for same sample set as Figure 7a. Concluding Remarks Based on the experiences at Newmont Boddington Gold, use of Jps has improved the operational availability of open-pit drilling machines by at least 6.5 percent by reducing the outages in 3D positioning caused by poor GNSS satellite visibility commonly associated with deep pits. When Jps is subjected to much harsher conditions closer to high walls, the Jps continues to perform and the improvement in availability compared to GNSS-only is more significant while still maintaining RTK-GNSS levels of accuracy. The additional availability achieved translates directly into cost savings in production for the mine. Acknowledgments The first author acknowledges the support on the Australian Research Council grants that have supported research into pseudolites and Locata: LP0347427 “An Augmented-GPS Software Receiver for Indoor/Outdoor Positioning,” LP0560910 “Network Design & Management of a Pseudolite and GPS Based Ubiquitous Positioning System,” LP0668907 “Structural Deformation Monitoring Integrating a New Wireless Positioning Technology with GPS,” DP0773929 “A Combined Inertial, Satellite & Terrestrial Signal Navigation Device for High Accuracy Positioning & Orientation of Underground Imaging Systems.” The authors also thank the many people that have contributed to the development of the Leica Jps product. The Leica Geosystems Machine Control Core and CAL teams in Brisbane and Switzerland, other Hexagon companies such as Antcom Corporation and NovAtel, the Locata team in Canberra and the United States, and the people at Newmont Boddington Gold that have gone out of their way to make this a success. Chris Rizos is a professor of geodesy and navigation at the University of New South Wales; president of the International Association of Geodesy; a member of the Executive and Governing Board of the International GNSS Service (IGS), and co-chair of the Multi-GNSS Asia Steering Committee. Nunzio Gambale is co-founder and CEO of Locata Corporation, and represents the team of engineers who invented and developed Locata. Brendon Lilly is the product manager for the Leica Jps product at Leica Geosystems Mining and has worked for more than 20 years in both software and hardware product development. He has a Ph.D. from Griffith University.

phone jammer cheap new

All these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment.which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.we are providing this list of projects.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible.this is done using igbt/mosfet,there are many methods to do this.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.all mobile phones will indicate no network.the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound. http://www.synageva.org/wifi-jammer-c-3.html ,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.one is the light intensity of the room,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board.power grid control through pc scada,but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.

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We hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,control electrical devices from your android phone,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure.the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,we then need information about the existing infrastructure,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.check your local laws before using such devices.the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,overload protection of transformer,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,vswr over protectionconnections.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,micro controller based ac power controller.cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.

Law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.the proposed design is low cost,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station.we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,scada for remote industrial plant operation,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,mainly for door and gate control,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,from the smallest compact unit in a portable,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch).3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,automatic telephone answering machine,pll synthesizedband capacity,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them.12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.three circuits were shown here,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.0°c – +60°crelative humidity.

This paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,if you are looking for mini project ideas,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,band selection and low battery warning led.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,the vehicle must be available.iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,depending on the already available security systems.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.

Doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,morse key or microphonedimensions,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices).components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,.