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A New Approach to the Design and Development of Global Navigation Satellite Systems By Daniele Gianni, Marco Lisi, Pierluigi De Simone, Andrea D’Ambrogio, and Michele Luglio INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley MY FIRST DEGREE is in applied physics from the University of Waterloo. Founded in 1957, Waterloo was one of the first universities to introduce co-operative education. Co-operative education (or “co-op” as it is commonly known) is a program that uses both classroom study and temporary jobs to provide students with practical experience. Applied Physics was a co-op program and I worked in both industry and research environments including stints at Philips Electronics and the Atomic Energy of Canada Limited’s Chalk River Laboratories. Both on campus and on the job, I met fellow co-op students from a variety of disciplines including mathematics (computer science) and various branches of engineering. One of those was systems design engineering or systems engineering for short. At that time, I really didn’t know much about systems engineering except that it was an all-encompassing branch of engineering and the most challenging of all of the engineering programs at Waterloo — at least according to the students in the program. Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering focusing on the design and management of complex engineering projects. According to the International Council on Systems Engineering, systems engineers establish processes “to ensure that the customer and stakeholder’s needs are satisfied in a high quality, trustworthy, cost efficient and schedule compliant manner throughout a system’s entire life cycle. This process is usually comprised of the following seven tasks: State the problem, Investigate alternatives, Model the system, Integrate, Launch the system, Assess performance, and Re-evaluate [or, SIMILAR, for short].” Central to the systems engineering process and the end-product design is the generation of models. Many types of system models are used, including physical analogs, analytical equations, state machines, block diagrams, functional flow diagrams, object-oriented models, computer simulations, and even mental models. (If you want to learn a bit about mental and other kinds of models, including how to fix radios by thinking, you could do no better than to look at some of Richard Feynman’s writings including the eminently readable “Surely You’re Joking, Mr. Feynman!”: Adventures of a Curious Character.) As aids to the modeling process, systems engineers have developed specialized modeling languages including the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the Systems Modeling Language (SysML). These are graphical-based languages that can be used to express information or knowledge about systems in a structure that is defined by a consistent set of rules. Both UML and SysML are widely used in systems engineering. However, both are limited when it comes to representing the signal-in-space (SIS) interfaces for global navigation satellite systems. In this month’s column, a team of authors affiliated with the Galileo project discusses the Interface Communication Modeling Language, an extension of UML that allows engineers to clearly represent SIS interfaces, critical for the design of GNSS receivers. “Innovation” is a regular feature that discusses advances in GPS technology andits applications as well as the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley of the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. He welcomes comments and topic ideas. To contact him, see the “Contributing Editors” section on page 4. In this article, we present the results of ongoing research on the use of a modeling language, namely Interface Communication Modeling Language (ICML), for signal-in-space (SIS) interface specification of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Specifications based on modeling languages (also known as model-based specifications) have proven to offer a wide range of benefits to systems engineering activities, for supporting system interoperability, reducing design risk, automating software development, and so on. We argue that similar benefits can be obtained for satellite navigation systems and receivers, if a model-based approach is used for defining and expressing the SIS interface specification. In particular, we outline how a model-based SIS interface specification can support the identification of solutions to two key issues: GNSS interoperability and the design of GNSS receivers, particularly Galileo receivers. Both issues are becoming increasingly central to the Galileo program since it entered the In-Orbit-Validation (IOV) phase and is steadily approaching the 2014 milestone, when the first early services — the Open Service (OS) and the Search and Rescue Service — will be provided to users. GNSS interoperability concerns the integration of different GNSS with the purpose of being used together, along with regional positioning systems, to provide a seamless navigation capability and improved services in terms of availability, continuity, accuracy, and integrity, for example. GNSS interoperability should be addressed in terms of intra-GNSS interoperability and GNSS-receiver interoperability. The intra-GNSS interoperability concerns the data exchanged among the GNSS, including coordination to guarantee data coherence and consistency over time. For example, GNSS may need to share terrestrial reference frames and constantly synchronize their global time references. On the other hand, GNSS-receiver interoperability concerns the capability of the receiver to use independent GNSS signals for the computation of positions globally. This capability implicitly requires that the receiver computations are decoupled from the SIS interface of any particular GNSS. A key condition to achieve this decoupling is that the SIS interface specification is available in a consistent, unambiguous, and possibly standard format, which can support engineers to more effectively design interoperable receivers. A model-based SIS interface specification would considerably facilitate this as it enables designers to use the processing capabilities of a computer system for the verification of the specification consistency and completeness, for example. Moreover, a model-based SIS interface specification would ease the visual and electronic inspection of the data messages, therefore facilitating the automatic identification of different data representations for the same orbital and temporal parameters. The design of GNSS receivers, and particularly those for Galileo, is increasingly of interest, and a model-based SIS interface specification can similarly support the definition of future solutions. For Galileo, specifically, the receiver design is critical to support the marketing strategies that are promoting the use of Galileo services. Key issues underlying any marketing strategy concern the Galileo receiver market appealing from a cost-to-performance ratio point of view. As Galileo receivers may require new design and adaptation of existing software (SW) or hardware (HW), as well as new production chains, higher costs — in particular non-recurring ones — are likely to occur for the production of the Galileo receivers with respect to the well-established GPS receivers. As a consequence, limitations may be experienced in market penetration and in the growth velocity of Galileo receivers’ share of the receiver market. In turn, this may hinder the estimated economic return for the Galileo project. Preventing and counteracting this possibility is therefore a critical issue if we aim to achieve the widest possible success of the Galileo project. Market barriers inherently originate from the following needs: Designing new SW and HW solutions for Galileo receivers; Reusing existing SW and HW for GPS receivers; Converting existing production chains to the new Galileo-specific SW and HW solutions. GNSS receivers often use established mathematical models that can determine the receiver position from a fundamental set of parameters, such as satellite orbit and system time. As a consequence, the intrinsic representation of the parameter set is a major factor in the adaptation of the existing design and implementation of SW and HW solutions. To reduce the impact of the above needs, a model-based SIS interface specification may play a pivotal role in several ways, such as: reducing ambiguities in the Galileo SIS interface specification; enhancing the communication with the involved stakeholders; linking the SIS interface specification to the design schemas of GNSS receivers — particularly Galileo ones — for tracing the interface elements onto the receiver functional and physical schema, thereby supporting the reuse and adaptation of existing HW and SW solutions; supporting the model-based design of security solutions for blocking, jamming, and spoofing. Galileo Project In October 2012, the final two IOV satellites were launched into orbit, completing the designed configuration for the Galileo IOV phase — the initial stage of the Galileo constellation development. In this phase, preliminary validation tests will be performed and the initial navigation message will be broadcast to the Galileo ground segment for further validation. Shortly after the conclusion of this phase, a series of launches will take place to gradually deploy the remaining 26 satellites that will form the Galileo Full Operational Capability (FOC) configuration. Currently, the Galileo Early Open Service (EOS) is expected to be available by the end of 2014. The EOS will provide ranging capabilities and will enable receiver manufacturers to begin to design and test their technological solutions for Galileo receivers and Galileo overlay services, such as search and rescue. In the meantime, the European GNSS Agency has been established and assigned the governance of the Galileo sub-systems, including activities such as: initiating and monitoring the implementation of security procedures and performing system security audits; system infrastructure management, maintenance, improvement, certification, and standardization, and service provision; development and deployment of activities for the evolution and future generations of the systems, including procurement activities; contributing to the exploitation of the systems, including the marketing and promotion of applications and services, including market analysis. With the now-rapid development of the Galileo project, it becomes increasingly important to support the receiver manufacturers in the design and implementation of global navigation solutions based on the Galileo services. This is necessary to guarantee the widespread use of the Galileo services, particularly in an increasingly crowded GNSS panorama. Model-Based Systems Engineering Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) is predicated on the notion that a system is developed by use of a set of system models that evolve throughout the development lifecycle, from abstract models at the early stages down to the operational system. A visual presentation is provided by FIGURE 1, which shows the roles of MBSE approaches within the systems engineering V-shaped process. Specifically, the MBSE approaches enable the designer to effectively trace the requirements and design alternatives on the descending branch of the “V.” For the same characteristics, MBSE facilitates the verification through a model repository that interconnects not only the design products, but also the stakeholders involved in the entire process. In addition, MBSE approaches support the automatic generation of the documentation and of other artifacts, particularly software. All of these capabilities eventually enable the validation of the implementation activities on the ascending branch of the V-process. Also, in this case, MBSE and the model repository play a major role in connecting design to implementation, and users and designers to developers. FIGURE 1. Systems engineering V-process supported by an model-based systems engineering with model repository (courtesy of the INCOSE Survey). Main Concepts. MBSE approaches are gaining increasing popularity with the widespread adoption of standard modeling languages, such as Unified Modeling Language (UML) and Systems Modeling Language (SysML). UML is a formally defined general-purpose graphical language and is mainly used in the context of software systems development. It has been developed and is being managed by the Object Management Group and is the core standard of the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) effort, which provides a set of standards to shift from code-centric to model-driven software development. By use of an MDA-based approach, a software system is built by specifying and executing a set of automated model transformations. SysML is defined as an extension of UML and provides a general-purpose modeling language for systems engineering applications (See FIGURE 2). SysML supports MBSE approaches in the development of complex systems that include hardware, software, information, processes, personnel, and facilities. FIGURE 2. UML-SysML relationships. (UML 2 is the second generation version of UML introduced in 2005.) Advantages. With respect to the conventional document-based approaches, MBSE approaches present the following advantages: Conformance to standard specifications and availability of development tools; Increased level of automation due to the formal specification and execution of model transformations that take as input a model at a given level of abstraction and yield as output a refined model at a lower level of abstraction; Better understanding of the system in its operational context; Support for simulation activities at different levels of detail and at different development stages, from concept exploration to dynamic system optimization; Support for the coherent extension of standard modeling languages to adapt them to a specific target or domain. These capabilities have motivated and have been sustaining an increasing trend of moving from document-centric to model-centric systems engineering. ICML Language UML and SysML are widely used languages for MBSE. A plethora of tools and technologies are available to compose models, transform models into documents, derive software products from models, and share and reuse models by means of repositories. However, neither of these languages offers capabilities for the representation of SIS interfaces, which are the critical interfaces for the design of Galileo receivers. For this reason, we have introduced ICML: a modeling language that can enable a full MBSE approach for the design of Galileo receivers. Moreover, ICML extends UML, and therefore it can integrate with system specifications based on compliant technologies as well as be used within standard tools. Layout of Interface Specification. The typical layout of ICML-based interface specification is shown in FIGURE 3. The specification covers the definition of both the message structure and conversion processes. The message structure consists of five abstraction levels, and describes how the data is structured within the message. The conversion processes describe how the data values are transformed between adjacent levels of the message specification. FIGURE 3. Layout of ICML-based interface specifications. The message structure is defined at five levels: Data Definition, (Logical) Binary Coding, Logical Binary Structure, Physical Binary Coding, and Physical Signal, each covering specific aspects of the SIS interface specification. For example, the Data Definition level covers the specification of the logical data structure, which includes the data items composing the message information. A data item is either of application or control type. An application data item represents a domain-specific concept that conveys the information expected by the message recipient. On the other hand, a control data item represents a domain-independent concept that can support the correctness and integrity verification of the associated application data items. A data item can also be associated with semantic and pragmatic definitions. The former specifies the meaning of the data item and the latter specifies the contextual interpretation for the semantic definition. Analogously, the Binary Coding level covers the specification of the binary coding for each of the data items defined at the above level. For a data item, the binary coding is represented as a binary sequence and it includes at least a sequence identifier, the semantic definition, and the pragmatic definitions. Similarly to the above level, the semantic and pragmatic definitions enrich the interface specification, conveying an accurate representation of the binary coding. The conversion processes describe the activities to be performed for deriving message values between adjacent levels of the above structural specification. As shown in Figure 3, eight processes should be defined to specify all the conversions between adjacent levels. For example, the DataDefinition2BinaryCoding process defines the activities to be performed for the derivation of the logical binary sequences representing data values. Similarly, the LogicalBinary2PhysicalBinary process defines the activities for the implementation of convolution or encryption algorithms on the logical binary sequence. However, these processes do not always need to be explicitly defined. In particular, if the implementation of a process is trivial or standard, a textual note referring to an external document may suffice for the specification purposes. The first prototypal version of ICML has been implemented and can be used within the open source TopCased tool. The prototypal version is available under the GNU General Public License (GPL) v3.0 from the ICML project website. We applied the profile and developed the example ICML-based specification given below. Galileo-Like Specification. An ICML-based specification of a Galileo-like OS interface, concerning only the above-defined level 3, would display as shown in FIGURE 4. This figure specifically details a part of a reduced F/NAV (the freely accessible navigation message provided by the E5a signal for the Galileo OS) structure consisting of one data frame made up of two F/NAV subframes. FIGURE 4. Example of ICML-based specification of an F/NAV-like message structure at the Logical Binary Coding level. Benefits. ICML can bring the above-mentioned MBSE benefits to support GNSS interoperability and to GNSS and Galileo receiver design. For example, ICML can: provide a reference guideline for structuring the specification data and thus facilitating the communication between the Galileo SIS designers and the receiver producers; ease visual inspection of the specification for verification purposes and for the identification of data incompatibilities of two GNSS systems; convey the data semantics as well as the measurement units, to guarantee that the binary data from different GNSS are correctly decoded and interpreted; support syntactical model validation using existing tools; provide support for future advance exploitation by means of a machine-readable data format. In particular, the availability of a machine-readable format is also the basis for advanced use cases that can exploit the capabilities of modern computer technologies. Advanced Future Use Cases. In line with the above-mentioned MBSE model exploitations, we foresee a number of possible exploitation cases: Automatic generation of the interface specification documents; Collaborative development of the interface specification; Automatic completeness and consistency checking of the interface specification; Integration of SIS specifications with model-driven simulation engineering approaches for the simulation of single- and multi-GNSS receivers; Integration of SIS specifications with receiver design models in SysML, for requirements traceability and reuse of existing GNSS solutions. The automatic generation of interface specification documents can be an important capability during the lifecycle of a specification. For example, the specification may be updated several times during the interface design, and the textual documentation may need to be produced several times. Using a model-based approach, it is possible to automate the error-prone activities related to the document writing as well as other important functions such as specification versioning. Complex system specifications are often the product of collaborating teams, which may occasionally be geographically dispersed. Using a model-based approach, the interface specification can be stored within a version control system that can be concurrently accessed by team members. Completeness and consistency checking is also a manual activity, which demands a high degree of mental attention, and it is consequently highly error prone. Once the specification is available in a machine-readable format, the checking can be easily automated by specifying the verification rules that the interface model must satisfy. Existing technologies support the simulation of single- and multi-GNSS receivers. As the SIS specification has a major impact on the internal structure of the receiver, the interface specification is a key input for developing GNSS simulators as well as for determining the boundary properties of the input signal into the receiver, including the admitted analog signal and the format of the digital data. Moreover, the model-based interface specification can be integrated with a receiver design schema in SysML. This would be important to provide traceability between the interface requirements and the receiver’s functional and physical components. In the following section, we provide an outline for a preliminary integration between the interface specification and the receiver design. Designing Galileo Receivers Model-based interface specifications can support the design of Galileo receivers in several ways. For example, a specification can provide a link between Galileo requirements down to the Galileo receiver specifications, as shown in FIGURE 5. FIGURE 5. Links between ICML and SysML specifications. This capability may be useful in several scenarios. In particular, we have identified three scenarios. Scenario 1 consists of the identification of the receiver requirements that are introduced or modified by the Galileo OS SIS, with respect to existing GPS receivers. Scenario 2 concerns the linking between the ICML specification and the receiver functional schema to identify how a Galileo receiver will differ from existing GPS solutions. Scenario 3 is a development of Scenario 1 and Scenario 2, in which the physical schema definition and the physical components identification (HW and SW) may further exploit the ICML-based approach for supporting the reuse of existing GPS components. Below, we detail Scenario 2, introducing a simplified receiver functional schema in SysML and linking the above ICML example to the schema. Example Functional Schema. In this section, we illustrate a preliminary SysML representation for a simplified GNSS receiver. However, the figures are meant for exemplification purposes only and are not to be considered fully realistic and detailed for real GNSS receivers. Nevertheless, the SysML hierarchical modeling capabilities can be used to further refine the model, up to a potentially infinitesimal level of detail. A GNSS receiver functional schema has been derived from A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver: A Single-Frequency Approach (see Further Reading) and its equivalent SysML internal block diagram (IBD) is shown in FIGURE 6. FIGURE 6. High-level receiver internal block diagram (functional schema). In particular, the IBD illustrates the functional blocks (instances and types) and connections among these blocks that define the GNSS receiver. In particular, each of these block types is also described in other diagrams, in which the designers can specify the operations performed by the block, the attributes of the block, the referred properties, and the defined values, for example. In this short article, we have particularly focused on the navigation data decoder. The data decoder is defined by a Block Definition Diagram (BDD) and an IBD, which are shown in FIGURES 7 and 8, respectively. FIGURE 7. Navigation data decoder block definition diagram. FIGURE 8. Navigation data decoder internal block diagram. In particular, the BDD indicates that the navigation data decoder is composed of four types of blocks: shift buffer, parity checker, binary adder, and data item retriever. The shift buffer receives the incoming physical sequence of bits, which is subsequently verified by the parity checker. The verified sequence is then processed to retrieve the standard binary format from the SIS-specific logical coding for the data item. This function is guided by the data item retriever, which stores the defined properties of each incoming data item, in the form of a physical sequence of bits (level 1). As a consequence, the navigation data decoder is involved with data defined at several of the above-defined ICML levels. From this description, it is also possible to sketch the preliminary IBD diagram of Figure 8. Using a model-based approach, it becomes easier to establish links between interface elements and the functional blocks in the receiver schema. Moreover, these links can also be decorated with a number of properties that can be used to further describe the type of the relationship between the interface element and the functional block. The link identification is important to the receiver design in several ways. For example, linking the interface elements to the receiver functional blocks, it becomes easier to identify which functional blocks are affected by each element of the SIS interface. Moreover, the tracing can be transitively extended to the physical schema, enabling the receiver designers to more immediately identify which physical components can be reused and which ones must be replaced in existing GNSS solutions. We exemplify the tracing of interface elements on the above data decoding functional schema in FIGURE 9. This figure shows the navigation data decoder’s BDD in conjunction with ICML level 3 elements (with a white background). As in Figure 7, the relationships are drawn in red, including a richer set of relationship qualifiers. For example, the > qualifier indicates that the originating block uses the data specified in the connected ICML element. Similarly, the > qualifier indicates that the originating block takes in input instances of the ICML element. ICML level 4 elements are also relevant to this BDD; however, they are not shown for the sake of conciseness. FIGURE 9. Linking level 3 elements to the navigation data decoder block definition. Conclusions Galileo receivers may face market barriers that are inherently raised by the costs linked with the introduction of new technologies with respect to the existing GPS ones. In this article, we have advocated that a model-based SIS interface specification can help mitigate possible extra costs in several ways. For example, the model-based interface specification can ease the communication among stakeholders, promote the reuse and adaptation of existing GPS software and chipsets, and support the implementation of receiver-side multi-GNSS interoperability. With the objective of supporting model-based interface specifications, we have designed ICML, which has been provided with a UML profile implementation in an open-source modeling tool. We have also shown an excerpt of a possible model-based specification for a simplified Galileo OS interface. Moreover, we have outlined how the model-based specification can integrate with SysML models of GNSS receivers and support the reuse and adaptation of existing solutions. A preliminary identification of potential exploitations and further benefits is also included. Further research is ongoing to generalize the existing ICML language to more complex types of SIS interfaces. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the students Serena Annarilli and Carlo Di Bartolomei (University of Rome Tor Vergata) for implementing the first prototype version of the ICML profile. The authors would also like to thank Marco Porretta, European Space Agency (ESA) / European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), for the suggestions of the GNSS example. The ICML project has been partially sponsored by the ESA Summer of Code in Space Initiative, edition 2012. No endorsement is made for the use of ICML for the official Galileo SIS interface specification. DANIELE GIANNI is currently a requirement engineering consultant at EUMETSAT in Germany. EUMETSAT is the European operational satellite agency for monitoring weather, climate and the environment. Gianni received a Ph.D. in computer and control engineering from University of Rome Tor Vergata (Italy), in the field of modeling and simulation, in 2007. He has previously held research appointments at ESA, Imperial College, and Oxford University. MARCO LISI is currently GNSS services engineering manager at ESA’s Directorate of Galileo Programme and Navigation- Related Activities at ESTEC in Noordwijk, The Netherlands. He was previously responsible for system engineering, operations, and security activities in the Galileo project. He is also a special advisor to the European Commission on European space policies. Lisi has over thirty years of working experience in the aerospace and telecommunication sectors, holding management positions in R&D, and being directly involved in a number of major satellite programs, including Artemis, Meteosat Operational, Meteosat Second Generation, Globalstar, Cosmo-Skymed, and more recently Galileo. PIERLUIGI DE SIMONE is currently working on system assembly, integration, and verification for the Galileo mission in ESA. He has worked on many software developments in the fields of graphics, safe mode software, and visual programming. He has worked on many space missions including Helios, Meteosat, Metop, Cosmo-Skymed, and Galileo. His main interests are in modeling paradigms and cryptography and he holds a master’s degree in physics from University of Rome Tor Vergata. ANDREA D’AMBROGIO is associate professor of computer science at the University of Rome Tor Vergata. He has formerly been a research associate at the Concurrent Engineering Research Center of West Virginia University in Morgantown, West Virginia. His research interests are in the areas of engineering and validation of system performance and dependability, model-driven systems and software engineering, and distributed simulation. MICHELE LUGLIO is associate professor of telecommunication at University of Rome  Tor Vergata. He works on designing satellite systems for multimedia services both mobile and fixed.  He received the Ph.D. degree in telecommunications in 1994. FURTHER READING • Interface Communication Modeling Language (ICML) ICML project website. “A Modeling Language to Support the Interoperability of Global Navigation Satellite Systems” by D. Gianni, J. Fuchs, P. De Simone, and M. Lisi in GPS Solutions, Vol. 17, No. 2, 2013, pp. 175–198, doi: 10.1007/s10291-012-0270-z. •  Use of ICML for GNSS Signal-in-Space Interface Specification “A Model-based Signal-In-Space Interface Specification to Support the Design of Galileo Receivers” by D. Gianni, M. Lisi, P. De Simone, A. D’Ambrogio, and M. Luglio in Proceedings of the 6th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing (NAVITEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands, December 5–7, 2012, 8 pp., doi: 10.1109/NAVITEC.2012.6423066. “A Model-Based Approach to Signal-in-Space Specifications for Designing GNSS Receivers” by D. Gianni, J. Fuchs, P. De Simone, and M. Lisi in Inside GNSS, Vol. 6, No. 1, January/February 2011, pp. 32–39. • Related Modeling Languages The Unified Modeling Language Reference Manual, 2nd edition, by G. Booch, J. Rumbaugh, and I. Jacobson, published by Addison-Wesley Professional, an imprint of Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005. A Practical Guide to SysML: The Systems Modeling Language, 2nd edition, by S. Friedenthal, A. Moore, and R. Steiner, published by Morgan Kaufman and the Object Management Group Press, an imprint of Elsevier Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, 2012. • Systems Engineering Systems Engineering: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition, by A. Kossiakoff, W.N. Sweet, S.J. Seymour, and S.M. Biemer, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2011. Survey of Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) Methodologies, INCOSE-TD-2007-003-02, published by Model Based Systems Engineering Initiative, International Council on Systems Engineering, Seattle, Washington, 2008. • GNSS Receiver Operation A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver: A Single-Frequency Approach by K. Borre, D.M. Akos, N. Bertelsen, P. Rinder, and S.H. Jensen, published by Birkhäuser Boston, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2007. • Galileo Status and Plans “Status of Galileo” (Galileo System Workshop) by H. Tork in the Proceedings of ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012, pp. 2474–2502. “Galileo Integrated Approach to Services Provision” (Galileo System Workshop) by M. Lisi in the Proceedings of ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012, pp. 2572–2596. European GNSS (Galileo) Open Service Signal in Space Interface Control Document, Issue 1.1, European Union and European Space Agency, September 2012.  

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From analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis. ,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,1 w output powertotal output power,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,we then need information about the existing infrastructure.all mobile phones will indicate no network.this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,it is always an element of a predefined,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,this can also be used to indicate the fire.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.9 v block battery or external adapter,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,> -55 to – 30 dbmdetection range.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,if you are looking for mini project ideas,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this is done using igbt/mosfet,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,complete infrastructures (gsm,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.several noise generation methods include,due to the high total output power.the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.the unit requires a 24 v power supply,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,smoke detector alarm circuit.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,power grid control through pc scada,three circuits were shown here.this can also be used to indicate the fire,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,binary fsk signal (digital signal),the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way,the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.the common factors that affect cellular reception include,livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,5% – 80%dual-band output 900,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced.it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,band scan with automatic jamming (max,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,communication system technology,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,micro controller based ac power controller.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.

This paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.with its highest output power of 8 watt,solutions can also be found for this,components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2.micro controller based ac power controller.the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,several possibilities are available,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,religious establishments like churches and mosques,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands.upon activating mobile jammers.specificationstx frequency,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.control electrical devices from your android phone,military camps and public places,the proposed design is low cost.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,we have designed a system having no match,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual.depending on the already available security systems,4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones.frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,this is done using igbt/mosfet,this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only.the data acquired is displayed on the pc,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.once i turned on the circuit,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,go through the paper for more information,theatres and any other public places,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.one is the light intensity of the room,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised,with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way.this task is much more complex,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.

Starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible.this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal,pll synthesizedband capacity,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,this system considers two factors.the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,automatic changeover switch,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars.information including base station identity,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,when the mobile jammer is turned off,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,automatic changeover switch,in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,where shall the system be used.transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,even temperature and humidity play a role.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it.0°c – +60°crelative humidity,scada for remote industrial plant operation,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,check your local laws before using such devices,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.

Whether in town or in a rural environment.thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,depending on the vehicle manufacturer,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.< 500 maworking temperature,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.it employs a closed-loop control technique,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,40 w for each single frequency band,control electrical devices from your android phone.armoured systems are available.are suitable means of camouflaging.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,synchronization channel (sch),.