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Off-the-Shelf Antennas for Controlled-Reception-Pattern Antenna Arrays By Yu-Hsuan Chen, Sherman Lo, Dennis M. Akos, David S. De Lorenzo, and Per Enge INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley THE ANTENNA IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF ANY GNSS RECEIVING EQUIPMENT. It must be carefully designed for the frequencies and structures of the signals to be acquired and tracked. Important antenna properties include polarization, frequency coverage, phase-center stability, multipath suppression, the antenna’s impact on receiver sensitivity, reception or gain pattern, and interference handling. While all of these affect an antenna’s performance, let’s just look at the last two here. The gain pattern of an antenna is the spatial variation of the gain, or ratio of the power delivered by the antenna for a signal arriving from a particular direction compared to that delivered by a hypothetical isotropic reference antenna. Typically, for GNSS antennas, the reference antenna is also circularly polarized and the gain is then expressed in dBic units. An antenna may have a gain pattern with a narrow central lobe or beam if it is used for communications between two fixed locations or if the antenna can be physically steered to point in the direction of a particular transmitter. GNSS signals, however, arrive from many directions simultaneously, and so most GNSS receiving antennas tend to be omni-directional in azimuth with a gain roll-off from the antenna boresight to the horizon. While such an antenna is satisfactory for many applications, it is susceptible to accidental or deliberate interference from signals arriving from directions other than those of GNSS signals. Interference effects could be minimized if the gain pattern could be adjusted to null-out the interfering signals or to peak the gain in the directions of all legitimate signals. Such a controlled-reception-pattern antenna (CRPA) can be constructed using an array of antenna elements, each one being a patch antenna, say, with the signals from the elements combined before feeding them to the receiver. The gain pattern of the array can then be manipulated by electronically adjusting the phase relationship between the elements before the signals are combined. However, an alternative approach is to feed the signals from each element to separate banks of tracking channels in the receiver and form a beam-steering vector based on the double-difference carrier-phase measurements from pairs of elements that is subsequently used to weight the signals from the elements before they are processed to obtain a position solution. In this month’s column, we learn how commercial off-the-shelf antennas and a software-defined receiver can be used to design and test such CRPA arrays. “Innovation” features discussions about advances in GPS technology, its applications, and the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. To contact him with topic ideas, email him at lang @ unb.ca. Signals from global navigation satellite systems are relatively weak and thus vulnerable to deliberate or unintentional interference. An electronically steered antenna array system provides an effective approach to mitigate interference by controlling the reception pattern and steering the system’s beams or nulls. As a result, so-called controlled-reception-pattern-antenna (CRPA) arrays have been deployed by organizations such as the U.S. Department of Defense, which seeks high levels of interference rejection. Our efforts have focused on developing a commercially viable CRPA system using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components to support the needs of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) alternative position navigation and timing (APNT) efforts. In 2010, we implemented a seven-element, two-bit-resolution, single-beam and real-time CRPA software receiver. In 2011, the receiver was upgraded to support all-in-view, 16-bit-resolution with four elements. Even though we can implement these CRPA software receivers in real time, the performance of anti-interference is highly dependent on the antenna array layout and characteristics of the antenna elements. Our beamforming approach allows us to use several COTS antennas as an array rather than a custom-designed and fully calibrated antenna. The use of COTS antennas is important, as the goal of our effort is to develop a CRPA for commercial endeavors — specifically for robust timing for the national airspace. Hence, it is important to study the geometry layout of the individual antennas of the array to assess the layouts and to determine how antenna performance affects the array’s use. In our work, we have developed a procedure for calculating the electrical layouts of an antenna array by differential carrier-phase positioning. When compared to the physical layout, the results of electrical layouts can be used to determine the mutual coupling effect of each combination. Using the electrical layout, the resultant gain patterns can be calculated and used to see the beamwidth and the side-lobe issue. This is important as these factors have significant effects on anti-interference performance. This study focuses on understanding the performance effects of geometry and developing a method for describing the best geometry. We adopted three models of COTS antenna and two possible layouts for a four-element array. Then, signal collection hardware consisting of four Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radios and one host personal computer was assembled to collect array data sets for each layout/antenna combination. Our developed CRPA software receiver was used to process all data sets and output carrier-phase measurements. In this article, we will present the pattern analysis for the two selected layouts and describe how we collected the experimental data. We’ll then show the results of calculating the electrical spacing for the layouts are compare them to the physical layouts. Lastly, we’ll show the resulting patterns, discuss the antenna mutual coupling effects, and give our conclusions. Antenna Array Pattern Analysis Pattern is defined as the directional strength of a radio-frequency signal viewed from the antenna. The pattern of an antenna array is the product of the isotropic array factor and the isolated element pattern. We assume that the pattern of each element is identical and only consider the isotropic array factor. FIGURE 1 shows the coordination of an antenna array. The first element is set as a reference position. The x-axis is the east direction, the y-axis is the north direction, and the z-axis is the up direction. The baseline vector of the ith antenna is given by and  is the unit vector to the satellite. Figure 1. Antenna array geometry and direction of satellite. Array elements are identified as E#1, E#2, E#3, and E#4. The isotropic array factor is given by    (1) where λ is wavelength, and Ai is a complex constant. Currently, we only implement a four-element-array CRPA software receiver in real time. Hence, we analyze two kinds of layout of half-wavelength four-element arrays: a symmetrical Y array and a square array. Each antenna is separated from its nearest neighbor by a half wavelength. FIGURE 2 shows photos of the two layouts. FIGURE 3 shows the physical layouts. Figure 2. Photos of antenna arrays (left: Y array; right: square array). Figure 3A. Physical layout of antenna arrays (Y array). Figure 3B. Physical layout of antenna arrays (square array). The antenna patterns towards an elevation angle of 90 degrees, computed using equation 1 and the design layouts, are shown in FIGURE 4. One of the key characteristics of a pattern is the beamwidth, which is defined as the angle with 3-dB loss. FIGURE 5 shows the patterns in elevation angle where the beamwidth of the Y layout is 74 degrees and 86 degrees for the square layout. A narrow beamwidth will benefit anti-interference performance particularly if the interference is close to the direction of a target satellite. Figure 4. Patterns of antenna arrays (left: Y array; right: square array). Figure 5. Pattern beamwidths of Y and square arrays (3 dB beamwidth shown). Specifications of COTS Antennas Typically, the COTS antenna selection is determined by high gain and great out-of-band rejection. TABLE 1 shows the specifications of the three antenna models used in this article. These antennas are all patch antennas. The antennas are equipped with surface-acoustic-wave filters for rejecting out-of-band signals. A three-stage low noise amplifier with over 30 dB gain is also embedded in each antenna. Table 1. Specifications of COTS antennas used. Signal Collection Hardware and Experimental Setup The hardware used to collect the antenna array datasets is shown in FIGURE 6 with block-diagram representation in FIGURE 7. The hardware includes a four-element antenna array, four USRP2 software radio systems and one host computer. The signal received from the COTS antenna passes to a USRP2 board equipped with a 800–2300 MHz DBSRX2 programmable mixing and down-conversion daughterboard. The individual USRP2 boards are synchronized by a 10-MHz external common clock generator and a pulse-per-second (PPS) signal. The USRP2s are controlled by the host computer running the Ubuntu distribution of Linux. The open-source GNU Radio software-defined radio block is used to configure USRP2s and collect datasets. All USRP2s are configured to collect the L1 (1575.42 MHz) signal. The signals are converted to near zero intermediate frequency (IF) and digitized to 14-bit complex outputs (I and Q). Figure 6. Photo of the signal collection hardware. Figure 7. Block diagram of the signal collection hardware. The sampling rate is set as 4 MHz. The host computer uses two solid state drives for storing data sets. For our study, a 64-megabytes per second data transfer rate is needed. The fast solid state drives are especially useful when using high bandwidth signals such as L5, which will require an even higher data streaming rate (80 megabytes per second per channel). To compare the physical and electrical layouts of the antenna arrays, we set up the signal collection hardware to record six data sets for the two layouts and the three antenna models as shown in TABLE 2. All of the data sets were five minutes long to obtain enough carrier-phase measurements for positioning. Table 2. Experimental setups. Logging Carrier-Phase Measurements To calculate the precise spacing between the antenna elements, hundreds of seconds of carrier-phase measurements from each element are needed. The collected data sets were provided by our in-house-developed CRPA software receiver. The receiver was developed using Visual Studio under Windows. Most of source code is programmed using C++. Assembly language is used to program the functions with high computational complexity such as correlation operations. The software architecture of the receiver is depicted in FIGURE 8. This architecture exploits four sets of 12 tracking channels in parallel to process each IF signal from an antenna element. Each channel is dedicated to tracking the signal of a single satellite. The tracking channels output carrier-phase measurements to build the steering vectors for each satellite. The Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithm was adopted for adaptively calculating the weights for beamforming. Here, there are 12 weight sets, one for each satellite in a tracking channel, for the desired directions of satellites. Figure 8. Block diagram of the software architecture. Using the pre-correlation beamforming approach, the weights are multiplied with IF data and summed over all elements to form 12 composite signals. These signals are then processed by composite tracking channels. Finally, positioning is performed if pseudoranges and navigation messages are obtained from these channels. FIGURE 9 is the graphical user interface (GUI) of the CRPA software receiver. It consists of the channel status of all channels, carrier-phase differences, positioning results, an east-north (EN) plot, a sky plot, a carrier-to-noise-density (C/N0) plot and the gain patterns of the array for each tracked satellite. In the figure, the CRPA software receiver is tracking 10 satellites and its positioning history is shown in the EN plot. The beamforming channels have about 6 dB more gain in C/N0 than the channels of a single element. In each pattern, the direction with highest gain corresponds to the direction of the satellite. While the CRPA software receiver is running, the carrier-phase measurements of all elements and the azimuth and elevation angle of the satellites are logged every 100 milliseconds. Each data set in Table 2 was processed by the software receiver to log the data. Figure 9. Screenshot of the controlled-reception-pattern-antenna software-receiver graphical user interface. Electrical Layout of Antenna Array – Procedure The procedure of calculating the electrical layout of an antenna array is depicted in FIGURE 10. The single-difference integrated carrier phase (ICP) between the signals of an element, i, and a reference element, j, is represented as:    (2) where rkij is differential range toward the kth satellite between the ith and jth antenna elements (a function of the baseline vector between the ith and jth elements), δLij is the cable-length difference between the ith and jth antenna elements, Nkij is the integer associated with Φkij , εkij and  is the phase error. The double-difference ICP between the kth satellite and reference satellite l is represented as:    (3) The cable-length difference term is subtracted in the double difference. Since the distances between the antenna elements are close to one wavelength, equation (3) can be written as:    (4) where  is the unit vector to satellite k, pij is the baseline vector between the ith and jth elements. By combining all the double-difference measurements of the ijth pair of elements, the observations equation can be represented as:       (5) From the positioning results of composite channels, the azimuth and elevation angle of satellites are used to manipulate matrix G. To solve equation (5), the LAMBDA method was adopted to give the integer vector N. Then, pij  is solved by substituting N into equation (5). Finally, the cable-length differences are obtained by substituting the solutions of N and pij into equation (2). This approach averages the array pattern across all satellite measurements observed during the calibration period. Figure 10. Procedure for calculating antenna-array electrical spacing. Electrical Layout of Antenna Array – Results Using the procedure in the previous section, all electrical layouts of the antenna array were calculated and are shown in FIGURES 11 and 12. We aligned the vectors from element #1 to element #2 for all layouts. TABLE 3 lists the total differences between the physical and electrical layouts. For the same model of antenna, the Y layout has less difference than the square layout. And, in terms of antenna model, antenna #1 has the least difference for both Y and square layouts. We could conclude that the mutual coupling effect of the Y layout is less than that of the square layout, and that antenna #1 has the smallest mutual coupling effect among all three models of antenna for these particular elements and observations utilized. Figure 11. Results of electrical layout using three models of antenna compared to the physical layout for the Y array. Figure 12. Results of electrical layout using three models of antenna compared to physical layout for the square array. Table 3. Total differences between physical and electrical layouts. To compare the patterns of all calculated electrical layouts, we selected two specific directions: an elevation angle of 90 degrees and a target satellite, WAAS GEO PRN138, which was available for all data sets. The results are shown in FIGURES 13 and 14, respectively. From Figure 13, the beamwidth of the Y layout is narrower than that of the square layout for all antenna models. When compared to Figure 5, this result confirms the validity of our analysis approach. But, in Figure 14, a strong sidelobe appears at azimuth -60º in the pattern of Y layout for antenna #2. If there is some interference located in this direction, the anti-interference performance of the array will be limited. This is due to a high mutual coupling effect of antenna #2 and only can be seen after calculating the electrical layout. Figure 13. Patterns of three models of antenna and two layouts toward an elevation angle of 90 degrees. Figure 14. Patterns of three models of antenna and two layouts toward the WAAS GEO satellite PRN138. Conclusions The results of our electrical layout experiment show that the Y layout has a smaller difference with respect to the physical layout than the square layout. That implies that the elements of the Y layout have less mutual coupling. For the antenna selection, arrays based on antenna model #1 showed the least difference between electrical and physical layout. And its pattern does not have a high grating lobe in a direction other than to the target satellite. The hardware and methods used in this article can serve as a testing tool for any antenna array. Specifically, our methodology, which can be used to collect data, compare physical and electrical layouts, and assess resultant antenna gain patterns, allows us to compare the performances of different options and select the best antenna and layout combination. Results can be used to model mutual coupling and the overall effect of layout and antenna type on array gain pattern and overall CRPA capabilities. This procedure is especially important when using COTS antennas to assemble an antenna array and as we increase the number of antenna elements and the geometry possibilities of the array. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of Dr. Jiwon Seo in building the signal collection hardware. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Federal Aviation Administration Cooperative Research and Development Agreement 08-G-007 for supporting this research. This article is based on the paper “A Study of Geometry and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Antennas for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Arrays” presented at ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, held in Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012. Manufacturers The antennas used to construct the arrays are Wi-Sys Communications Inc., now PCTEL, Inc. models WS3978 and WS3997 and PCTEL, Inc. model 3978D-HR. The equipment used to collect data sets includes Ettus Research LLC model USRP2 software-defined radios and associated DBSRX2 daughterboards. Yu-Hsuan Chen is a postdoctoral scholar in the GNSS Research Laboratory at Stanford University, Stanford, California. Sherman Lo is a senior research engineer at the Stanford GNSS Research Laboratory. Dennis M. Akos is an associate professor with the Aerospace Engineering Science Department in the University of Colorado at Boulder with visiting appointments at Luleå Technical University, Sweden, and Stanford University. David S. De Lorenzo is a principal research engineer at Polaris Wireless, Mountain View, California, and a consulting research associate to the Stanford GNSS Research Laboratory. Per Enge is a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University, where he is the Kleiner-Perkins Professor in the School of Engineering. He directs the GNSS Research Laboratory. FURTHER READING • Authors’ Publications “A Study of Geometry and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Antennas for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Arrays” by Y.-H. Chen in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012, pp. 907–914 (ION Student Paper Award winner). “A Real-Time Capable Software-Defined Receiver Using GPU for Adaptive Anti-Jam GPS Sensors” by J. Seo, Y.-H. Chen, D.S. De Lorenzo, S. Lo, P. Enge, D. Akos, and J. Lee in Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 9, 2011, pp. 8966–8991, doi: 10.3390/s110908966. “Real-Time Software Receiver for GPS Controlled Reception Pattern Array Processing” by Y.-H. Chen, D.S. De Lorenzo, J. Seo, S. Lo, J.-C. Juang, P. Enge, and D.M. Akos in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2010, the 23rd International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 21–24, 2010, pp. 1932–1941. “A GNSS Software Receiver Approach for the Processing of Intermittent Data” by Y.-H. Chen and J.-C. Juang in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2007, the 20th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, Texas, September 25–28, 2007, pp. 2772–2777. • Controlled-Reception-Pattern Antenna Arrays “Anti-Jam Protection by Antenna: Conception, Realization, Evaluation of a Seven-Element GNSS CRPA” by F. Leveau, S. Boucher, E. Goron, and H. Lattard in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 30–33. “Development of Robust Safety-of-Life Navigation Receivers” by M.V.T. Heckler, M. Cuntz, A. Konovaltsev, L.A. Greda, A. Dreher, and M. Meurer in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 59, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 998–1005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2010.2103090. Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Edition, by R. C. Hansen, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2009. • Antenna Principles “Selecting the Right GNSS Antenna” by G. Ryley in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 40–41 (in PDF of 2013 Antenna Survey.) “GNSS Antennas: An Introduction to Bandwidth, Gain Pattern, Polarization, and All That” by G.J.K. Moernaut and D. Orban in GPS World, Vol. 20, No. 2, February 2009, pp. 42–48. “A Primer on GPS Antennas” by R.B. Langley in GPS World, Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1998, pp. 50-54. • Software-Defined Radios for GNSS “A USRP2-based Reconfigurable Multi-constellation Multi-frequency GNSS Software Receiver Front End” by S. Peng and Y. Morton in GPS Solutions, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 89-102. “Software GNSS Receiver: An Answer for Precise Positioning Research” by T. Pany, N. Falk, B. Riedl, T. Hartmann, G. Stangl, and C. Stöber in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 9, September 2012, pp. 60–66. “Simulating GPS Signals: It Doesn’t Have to Be Expensive” by A. Brown, J. Redd, and M.-A. Hutton in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 2012, pp. 44–50. Digital Satellite Navigation and Geophysics: A Practical Guide with GNSS Signal Simulator and Receiver Laboratory by I.G. Petrovski and T. Tsujii with foreword by R.B. Langley, published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2012. “A Real-Time Software Receiver for the GPS and Galileo L1 Signals” by B.M. Ledvina, M.L. Psiaki, T.E. Humphreys, S.P. Powell, and P.M. Kintner, Jr. in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2006, the 19th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, Texas, September 26–29, 2006, pp. 2321–2333.

phone jammer detect another

Exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault.2100-2200 mhztx output power,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,military camps and public places,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,programmable load shedding.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,three circuits were shown here.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,it employs a closed-loop control technique.47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,specificationstx frequency.the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.

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This paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,accordingly the lights are switched on and off,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking.and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.we have designed a system having no match,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,it can be placed in car-parks.230 vusb connectiondimensions,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,variable power supply circuits.auto no break power supply control,also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.overload protection of transformer.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.

Law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only.this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.frequency band with 40 watts max,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,such as propaganda broadcasts,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.communication system technology,temperature controlled system,selectable on each band between 3 and 1.components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples,this was done with the aid of the multi meter.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.the data acquired is displayed on the pc,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior.

The multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board.a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,binary fsk signal (digital signal).this can also be used to indicate the fire.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max.its total output power is 400 w rms,cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,.