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Figure 6. Outdoor jamming test campaign.
Conception, Realization, Evaluation of a Seven-Element GNSS CRPA
By Frederic Leveau, Solene Boucher, Erwan Goron, and Herve Lattard
A controlled radiated pattern antenna can be an effective way to protect GPS receivers against jamming. A new CRPA, composed of seven elements, works on the E5a, E5b, E6, L2, and L1 bandwidths. This article reports on radiation pattern measurements of the array in a test facility.
Controlled radiation pattern antenna (CRPA) technique is considered to be the best GPS pre-correlation protection technique against interference. It consists of an antenna array and a processing unit that performs a phase-destructive sum of the incoming interference signals, this process being equivalent to making nulls towards interferers in the array radiation pattern.
Considering the growing Galileo system and the possible interest of the French Ministry of Defense in the Public Regulated Service (PRS) , a prospective study was undertaken to develop an array compatible with GPS M-code, Galileo PRS, and aeronautical radionavigation signals in the E5 bandwidth. The French Expertise & Procurement Defence Agency (DGA) awarded the French company SATIMO a feasibility contract to design, conceive, realize, and evaluate a circular array composed of seven elementary patch antennas (see Figure 1).
Figure 1. CRPA unit receiving satellite and jammer signals.
Product Features
SATIMO, a company specializing in R&D for antennas and in innovative antenna test ranges, has since developed this GPS-Galileo CRPA antenna, shown below.
New CRPA developed by SATIMO.
The CRPA consists of seven elementary patches covering E5a, E5b, L2, E6, L2, and L1 frequency bandwidths, using microstrip multilayer technology. Each element is housed in a 9-centimeter (diameter) by 2-centimeter (height) radome, connector excluded. In that volume, a space provision has been reserved to include a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and two filters for a sharp out-of-band rejection. As a consequence, it is possible to configure three types of arrays: passive without filters, passive with two passband filters, and finally active (including a LNA, with a gain > 26dB, NF
Figure 2A. CRPA radiation patterns.
Figure 2B. CRPA radiation patterns.
The design of the single element has been optimized to control the deviations of each patch antenna when included in a seven-element array.
To limit mutual coupling with respect to the array dimensions, the distance between the elements’ phase centers has been chosen close to 0.7 λ at L1 frequency. This value results in a 36.5-centimeter (diameter) array. The standalone antenna and the CRPA antenna have been validated through an environmental testing campaign.
Product Development
The usual iterative tuning and the optimization process for prototyping have been performed on SATIMO’s arch test range. This test facility indeed significantly reduces the time required to characterize the antenna-under-test (AUT) radiation pattern, in comparison with classical anechoic chamber test facilities.
More precisely, the arch test range instantaneously scans the field in one whole site angle cross-section plane, whereas the legacy systems mechanically scan the same cross-section plane by rotating the AUT for each incremental angle value. The spatial sampling of the near-field radiated by the AUT, thanks to a large number of probes along the arch surrounding it, enables a significant savings in time. The near-field results in the current plane can be displayed in real-time on a computer screen. Then, the rotation of AUT around its axis is automatically controlled by the measurement system, and a new acquisition is performed for each new cross-section plane. A Fourier transform computation is eventually applied to the 3D near-field to get the far-field radiation pattern.
The radiating characterization of the CRPA has been performed with a SATIMO SG24 system. With such a system, we have measured the complete 3D radiation patterns of each single element in less than 40 minutes per antenna.
Evaluation
The evaluation of the CRPA array was performed with this test bed in SATIMO’s facility (see photos below). The process begain with measuring an element alone on a ground plane, in order to extract the gain, the axial ratio, the aperture angle, the matching values, and every feature that defines a fixed-radiation pattern antenna. The evaluation secondly consisted of characterizing the array, that is, extracting the gain and the phase of each element in the array, with respect to a reference element. To implement such a reference anytime during the near-field acquisition process, the arch test range (Figure 3) is very powerful, because all the probes constantly point at the center of the array, despite AUT’s motions. On the contrary, the need for such a reference makes measurements difficult in anechoic chambers, which often require canceling out misalignments, thanks to specific motions that must be taken into account in the computations.
CRPA in measurements.
CRPA in measurements.
Figure 3. Arch test range working principle.
Uses
Functional tests are another important part of the CRPA unit evaluation. Usually, two kind of tests can be conducted: outdoors or in anechoic chamber.
Classical Tests. DGA plans to perform outdoor test campaigns by utilizing an array placed on the roof of an all-terrain vehicle (see photo). The array will be connected to a CRPA GPS processing unit and to a receiver in the vehicle. Some interferers will be located along the trajectory of the vehicle, according to various scenarios defining their waveforms and their power levels. The CRPA capability to reject those interferers can then be assessed. These kinds of outdoor tests naturally suit CRPA’s processing unit and array characterization, as they involve radiated GPS and interfering signals. However, these kinds of tests are not reproducible and are quite complicated to set up.
Outdoor jamming test campaign.
Some tests in anechoic chambers could be an alternative in order to obtain reproducible test results, but in that case, transmitting GPS constellation signals indoor becomes a challenge. An option could be the use of a GPS signal simulator, but this means a unique direction of arrival of GPS signals. Moreover, no dynamic trajectory could be done.
New Test Bed. DGA recently acquired a test bed, developed by INEO Defense, that enables evaluating CRPA units in conducted mode, for example. There is no longer a need to radiate either GPS signals or interfering signals. The purpose of this test bed, called BAnc de Caractérisation des Antennes Réseaux Antibrouillage (BACARA), or test bed to characterize anti-jamming antenna arrays (Figure 4 and Figure 5), is to replace the array and simulate its GPS and jamming environment. This means that it is able to create elementary antenna phase delays and gains resulting from the array geometry, by using finite impulse response (FIR) filters (Figure 6). This is the reason why this test bed must be fed with the array phase and gain measurement results obtained with the arch test range.
Figure 4. BACARA test bed.
Figure 5. BACARA working principle.
Figure 6. BACARA working principle.
Alternatively, these results can be obtained with traditional anechoic chamber measurements. 10 channels of a multi-channel GPS simulator, each one matched with a satellite, are used by the test bed. Thus, BACARA coherently sums GPS constellation simulator output channels and interfering signals, so as to accurately simulate the array’s behavior in the laboratory. As a result, for any CRPA processing unit, it is possible to compare the array’s impact on a processing unit with an ideal array being composed of perfect elementary antennas.
Unfortunately, BACARA currently operates on L1 or L2, but not on the E6 and E5 bandwidths. On the other hand, this test bed is able to simulate dynamic trajectories, with the mobile positions and attitudes. Up to 10 internal jammers with various waveforms can be set up, and their power levels over time are computed by software like Warfare or Matlab. A numerical calibration allows some transparency of the test bed for CRPA units under test.
Figure 7. BACARA graphical user interface.
Figure 8. Examples of available simulated array geometry.
Conclusion
SATIMO, a company specializing in electromagnetic field measurements in the microwave frequency range and part of the Microwave Vision Group, has developed an array for the reception of M-code, PRS, and aeronautical radionavigation signals. This antenna array has been fully evaluated and qualified through electrical and environmental tests. The measurement methods have enabled the company to demonstrate the feasibility of the performances expected. Functional evaluations restricted to GPS are still under way. To do so, DGA will utilize its complementary outdoor and indoor test means, especially its laboratory test bed BACARA, as a tool to precisely evaluate GPS CRPA units.
Frederic Leveau works at the French MoD (DGA Information Superiority) as a radionavigation expert. His main interests are Galileo PRS prospective studies and developments and the integration of CRPA systems within French platforms.
Solene Boucher works at the French MoD (DGA Information Superiority) as a radionavigation expert. Her main interests are Galileo PRS prospective studies and developments. She is also responsible for the test bed BACARA.
Erwan Goron is an engineer at SATIMO Industries (Microwave Vision Group). His main activity is antenna conception.
Herve Lattard is an engineer at SATIMO Industries (Microwave Vision Group). His main activity is antenna conception.
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phone jammer detect malwareMy mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.protection of sensitive areas and facilities,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only.40 w for each single frequency band,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,completely autarkic and mobile.the systems applied today are highly encrypted,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,there are many methods to do this.this task is much more complex.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency.dtmf controlled home automation system,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,with the antenna placed on top of the car.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.whether in town or in a rural environment.a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.upon activation of the mobile jammer.at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.
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The briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock.as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.religious establishments like churches and mosques,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,go through the paper for more information.5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,0°c – +60°crelative humidity,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,it is required for the correct operation of radio system.the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,dtmf controlled home automation system,cell phones within this range simply show no signal,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,upon activating mobile jammers,specificationstx frequency,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.one is the light intensity of the room,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.
According to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.even temperature and humidity play a role,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code).automatic telephone answering machine.this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation..
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