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Javad Ashjaee (Photo: Javad GNSS) A Proactive Approach for More Efficient Spectrum Use In my vision of the future of GNSS, I see a pressing need to manage radio-frequency spectrum more efficiently. This will drive the creation of official standards for GNSS receivers, and better design of those receivers with better filters at lower cost, to protect against out-of-band and near-band interference. This in turn will enable user to undertake widespread monitoring and reporting of in-band interference, and create the freedom for many technologies to explore wider and more productive use of all bands of the radio-frequency spectrum. Spectrum Management As a consequence of unprecedented technological development on all fronts and in many fields, the radio-frequency spectrum is very congested. All countries, and the United States in particular, must find ways to use this spectrum more efficiently. Licenses for spectrum bands are very expensive, and special interest groups do all they can to secure ownership of any part of the spectrum and to prevent others from competing with them. There is an intense struggle going on, both behind the scenes and in the public arena; it has been called “the spectrum wars.” These involve big companies, very high stakes, politicians, and special interest groups. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) seems caught, powerless, in the crossfire between these powerhouses. GNSS Interference GNSS interference exists everywhere and comes from many different sources, identified and unidentified, intentional or unintentional. The 1-dB effect on GNSS of the proposed LightSquared signal is negligible compared to what already exists. The reason that the LightSquared plan encountered so much opposition was not because of its effect on GNSS. It was because of its effect on the competing business models of large companies and special interest groups. With the tools that we have created and embedded in our receivers, everyone can easily see that widespread interference already exists in most places, especially in cities, and  that interferences can easily be monitored and automatically reported. It seems no organization has ownership of regularly monitoring interferences on these bands and taking corrective actions. This is partly because the tools to easily monitor and report interferences did not exist earlier. GNSS Receivers Current GNSS receivers on the market and in use around the world rely on inadequate designs. The technology does in fact exist to overcome out-of-band interference problems such as LightSquared and many others commonly encountered in today’s congested radio-frequency environment. There is no reason to prohibit others from using bands near GNSS; this just makes spectrum use inefficient. Continued shipping of inadequate, inefficient receivers by current manufacturers only increases and compounds the problems encountered by users. There are standards for manufacturing countless industrial goods — for example, something as ordinary as car tires or — but there is no standard for building GNSS receivers that will be used in critical applications. So far, the FCC has been silent on this topic, and has not established guidelines for GNSS receivers that are used in critical applications. The civilian users of GNSS, such as the U.S. National Geodetic Survey, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal Aviation Administration, and so on, have criteria for all sorts of little equipment, but there is no criteria for GNSS receivers that they claim are so important for their job. Instead of taking the proactive and productive approach of putting filters into the receivers that they use, these organizations advocate keeping spectrum bands adjacent to GNSS off-limits to other users.  Manufacturers do not see any reason to make better receivers while such a powerful lobby protects them. Interference monitoring and reporting is strongly desirable for places such as GNSS reference stations, or for users to see the interferences before they start a jog that they are tracking on their GPS-enabled personal training device — just as pilots check the weather before they take off. Special Interest Groups, Politics, and Blind Followers The problem that LightSquared encountered was that its proposal impacted the business models of special interest groups. Although we — that is, JAVAD GNSS in presentations before the FCC in Washington DC — showed that other interferences exist in cities, the FCC did not care, and GNSS magazine editors did not care. They just blindly followed what the special interest groups had planned for them. Brad Parkinson, in his article “PNT for the Nation: Three Key Attributes and Nine Druthers” in the October issue of GPS World, did not even hint at guidelines for building GNSS receivers. This is similar to formulating guideline on how to build and clean the roads while having no guidelines on how to build tires that are going to ride on the roads. In Parkinson’s long list of recommendations, there was no mention at all that we need to build better GNSS receivers and be able to monitor interferences. There are guidelines and standards for how build every little item, but none for GNSS receivers that are claimed to be so essential for our security and prosperity. Military GPS receivers do not have protection against even one particular type of interference such as that posed by LightSquared — and the suggested approach was to bomb such interferences, which most admit that of course cannot be done. This is a bad attitude. The cost of a filter in a receiver is almost nothing. A precision bomb costs millions if you factor in development costs, and deployment and delivery puts the full cost even higher. The case is similar for GNSS receivers used in commercial airplanes. Instead of pushing for a better GNSS receiver design, the FAA simply hopes that interference does not happen. Conclusion These are my predictions — and my strongest possible recommendations — for the future of GNSS. The FCC will create standards for GNSS receivers. GNSS manufacturers will be forced to build better receivers. GNSS users will benefit from better receivers at a lower cost. Interference monitoring and reporting will become a desirable feature of GNSS receivers. Bands near the GNSS spectrum will be freed for more efficient use by all types of productive technology. I am proud to be a part of the efforts to make these happen, against all odds. Javad Ashjaee received his  Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Iowa. He was chairman of the Computer Engineering Department, Tehran University of Technology, 1976-1981. He began his GPS engineering career at Trimble Navigation, 1981–1986. Founder and president of Ashtech Inc., 1986–1995, the company that produced the first integrated GPS-GLONASS receivers; founder and CEO of Javad Positioning Systems, 1996–2000, which he sold to Topcon Corporation. He founded JAVAD GNSS in 2007, and is currently president and CEO. In 2010, the company introduced the integrated geodetic receiver TRIUMPH-VS, with a GNSS Interference Analyzer, capable of tracking current and next-generation signals of GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, and Galileo signals. In 2011, the company introduced a LightSquared-compatible GNSS receiver.

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While the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,it employs a closed-loop control technique.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.frequency band with 40 watts max.using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,the common factors that affect cellular reception include,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.when the mobile jammers are turned off.the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,integrated inside the briefcase.a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,pll synthesizedband capacity,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.please visit the highlighted article.all mobile phones will indicate no network,overload protection of transformer.

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In case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.upon activation of the mobile jammer.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit.4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,embassies or military establishments.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access.5% – 80%dual-band output 900.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.theatres and any other public places.– transmitting/receiving antenna.the systems applied today are highly encrypted,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.with the antenna placed on top of the car,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,once i turned on the circuit.micro controller based ac power controller.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,automatic telephone answering machine,morse key or microphonedimensions,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,if you are looking for mini project ideas,temperature controlled system,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.

The scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,vswr over protectionconnections,due to the high total output power.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,this combined system is the right choice to protect such locations,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band.the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.frequency scan with automatic jamming,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,weather and climatic conditions,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,programmable load shedding,mainly for door and gate control,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly, Mobile phone jammer for sale .the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,it employs a closed-loop control technique,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.the present circuit employs a 555 timer.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,40 w for each single frequency band.

The unit requires a 24 v power supply,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,the data acquired is displayed on the pc,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.three circuits were shown here.over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,this task is much more complex.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming.whether copying the transponder,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible,if you are looking for mini project ideas.this is done using igbt/mosfet,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,it is required for the correct operation of radio system,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.the data acquired is displayed on the pc.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,auto no break power supply control,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.

Presence of buildings and landscape,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,military camps and public places,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.scada for remote industrial plant operation.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,-10°c – +60°crelative humidity,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.are suitable means of camouflaging,there are many methods to do this.mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.one is the light intensity of the room.there are many methods to do this.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths.but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.all these functions are selected and executed via the display,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),frequency band with 40 watts max,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.

This system considers two factors.from the smallest compact unit in a portable.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links.the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.where shall the system be used,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,.