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Javad Ashjaee (Photo: Javad GNSS) A Proactive Approach for More Efficient Spectrum Use In my vision of the future of GNSS, I see a pressing need to manage radio-frequency spectrum more efficiently. This will drive the creation of official standards for GNSS receivers, and better design of those receivers with better filters at lower cost, to protect against out-of-band and near-band interference. This in turn will enable user to undertake widespread monitoring and reporting of in-band interference, and create the freedom for many technologies to explore wider and more productive use of all bands of the radio-frequency spectrum. Spectrum Management As a consequence of unprecedented technological development on all fronts and in many fields, the radio-frequency spectrum is very congested. All countries, and the United States in particular, must find ways to use this spectrum more efficiently. Licenses for spectrum bands are very expensive, and special interest groups do all they can to secure ownership of any part of the spectrum and to prevent others from competing with them. There is an intense struggle going on, both behind the scenes and in the public arena; it has been called “the spectrum wars.” These involve big companies, very high stakes, politicians, and special interest groups. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) seems caught, powerless, in the crossfire between these powerhouses. GNSS Interference GNSS interference exists everywhere and comes from many different sources, identified and unidentified, intentional or unintentional. The 1-dB effect on GNSS of the proposed LightSquared signal is negligible compared to what already exists. The reason that the LightSquared plan encountered so much opposition was not because of its effect on GNSS. It was because of its effect on the competing business models of large companies and special interest groups. With the tools that we have created and embedded in our receivers, everyone can easily see that widespread interference already exists in most places, especially in cities, and  that interferences can easily be monitored and automatically reported. It seems no organization has ownership of regularly monitoring interferences on these bands and taking corrective actions. This is partly because the tools to easily monitor and report interferences did not exist earlier. GNSS Receivers Current GNSS receivers on the market and in use around the world rely on inadequate designs. The technology does in fact exist to overcome out-of-band interference problems such as LightSquared and many others commonly encountered in today’s congested radio-frequency environment. There is no reason to prohibit others from using bands near GNSS; this just makes spectrum use inefficient. Continued shipping of inadequate, inefficient receivers by current manufacturers only increases and compounds the problems encountered by users. There are standards for manufacturing countless industrial goods — for example, something as ordinary as car tires or — but there is no standard for building GNSS receivers that will be used in critical applications. So far, the FCC has been silent on this topic, and has not established guidelines for GNSS receivers that are used in critical applications. The civilian users of GNSS, such as the U.S. National Geodetic Survey, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Federal Aviation Administration, and so on, have criteria for all sorts of little equipment, but there is no criteria for GNSS receivers that they claim are so important for their job. Instead of taking the proactive and productive approach of putting filters into the receivers that they use, these organizations advocate keeping spectrum bands adjacent to GNSS off-limits to other users.  Manufacturers do not see any reason to make better receivers while such a powerful lobby protects them. Interference monitoring and reporting is strongly desirable for places such as GNSS reference stations, or for users to see the interferences before they start a jog that they are tracking on their GPS-enabled personal training device — just as pilots check the weather before they take off. Special Interest Groups, Politics, and Blind Followers The problem that LightSquared encountered was that its proposal impacted the business models of special interest groups. Although we — that is, JAVAD GNSS in presentations before the FCC in Washington DC — showed that other interferences exist in cities, the FCC did not care, and GNSS magazine editors did not care. They just blindly followed what the special interest groups had planned for them. Brad Parkinson, in his article “PNT for the Nation: Three Key Attributes and Nine Druthers” in the October issue of GPS World, did not even hint at guidelines for building GNSS receivers. This is similar to formulating guideline on how to build and clean the roads while having no guidelines on how to build tires that are going to ride on the roads. In Parkinson’s long list of recommendations, there was no mention at all that we need to build better GNSS receivers and be able to monitor interferences. There are guidelines and standards for how build every little item, but none for GNSS receivers that are claimed to be so essential for our security and prosperity. Military GPS receivers do not have protection against even one particular type of interference such as that posed by LightSquared — and the suggested approach was to bomb such interferences, which most admit that of course cannot be done. This is a bad attitude. The cost of a filter in a receiver is almost nothing. A precision bomb costs millions if you factor in development costs, and deployment and delivery puts the full cost even higher. The case is similar for GNSS receivers used in commercial airplanes. Instead of pushing for a better GNSS receiver design, the FAA simply hopes that interference does not happen. Conclusion These are my predictions — and my strongest possible recommendations — for the future of GNSS. The FCC will create standards for GNSS receivers. GNSS manufacturers will be forced to build better receivers. GNSS users will benefit from better receivers at a lower cost. Interference monitoring and reporting will become a desirable feature of GNSS receivers. Bands near the GNSS spectrum will be freed for more efficient use by all types of productive technology. I am proud to be a part of the efforts to make these happen, against all odds. Javad Ashjaee received his  Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Iowa. He was chairman of the Computer Engineering Department, Tehran University of Technology, 1976-1981. He began his GPS engineering career at Trimble Navigation, 1981–1986. Founder and president of Ashtech Inc., 1986–1995, the company that produced the first integrated GPS-GLONASS receivers; founder and CEO of Javad Positioning Systems, 1996–2000, which he sold to Topcon Corporation. He founded JAVAD GNSS in 2007, and is currently president and CEO. In 2010, the company introduced the integrated geodetic receiver TRIUMPH-VS, with a GNSS Interference Analyzer, capable of tracking current and next-generation signals of GPS, GLONASS, QZSS, and Galileo signals. In 2011, the company introduced a LightSquared-compatible GNSS receiver.

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Its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,due to the high total output power,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,-10°c – +60°crelative humidity.– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes.ac power control using mosfet / igbt.presence of buildings and landscape,due to the high total output power,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,building material and construction methods,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,provided there is no hand over.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.it is required for the correct operation of radio system.this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,automatic telephone answering machine,the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band,are suitable means of camouflaging,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate.the proposed design is low cost.these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,if you are looking for mini project ideas,automatic changeover switch,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,power amplifier and antenna connectors.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,programmable load shedding,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.pll synthesizedband capacity.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1,variable power supply circuits.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,we are providing this list of projects,whether copying the transponder.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,religious establishments like churches and mosques.auto no break power supply control,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.government and military convoys,860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,and frequency-hopping sequences,2100-2200 mhztx output power,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,with the antenna placed on top of the car,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room.band selection and low battery warning led.

This device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,theatres and any other public places,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,vswr over protectionconnections,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.there are many methods to do this.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.40 w for each single frequency band,once i turned on the circuit,12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx,the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,overload protection of transformer.blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,in contrast to less complex jamming systems.the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators. gps jammer .reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,the data acquired is displayed on the pc,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced,110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.weather and climatic conditions,dtmf controlled home automation system,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.please visit the highlighted article.the common factors that affect cellular reception include.this can also be used to indicate the fire,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.when the mobile jammer is turned off,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices.cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,morse key or microphonedimensions,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.specificationstx frequency.

The frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,the data acquired is displayed on the pc,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random,40 w for each single frequency band,dtmf controlled home automation system,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming.the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented.control electrical devices from your android phone,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.accordingly the lights are switched on and off,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.it can be placed in car-parks.it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.selectable on each band between 3 and 1,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements.normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply.micro controller based ac power controller.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.access to the original key is only needed for a short moment.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.several noise generation methods include.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,> -55 to – 30 dbmdetection range,go through the paper for more information,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.the vehicle must be available,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable.communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),whether in town or in a rural environment,to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked.from the smallest compact unit in a portable,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.

Which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,go through the paper for more information,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,vswr over protectionconnections.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,.