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Permanent Link to The Kinematic GPS Challenge: First Gravity Comparison Results
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By Theresa Diehl The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has issued a “Kinematic GPS Challenge” to the community in support of NGS’ airborne gravity data collection program, called Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D). The “Challenge” is meant to provide a unique benchmarking opportunity for the kinematic GPS community by making available two flights of data from GRAV-D’s airborne program for their processing. By comparing the gravity products that are derived from a wide variety of kinematic GPS processing products, a unique quality assessment is possible. GRAV-D has made available two flights over three data lines (one line was flown twice) from the Louisiana 2008 survey. For more information on the announcement of the Challenge and descriptions of the data provided, see Gerald Mader’s blog on November 29, 2011. The GRAV-D program routinely operates at long-baselines (up to 600 km), high altitudes (20,000 to 35,000 ft), and high speeds (up to 280 knots), a challenging data set from a GPS perspective. As of December 2011, ten groups of kinematic GPS processors have provided a total of sixteen position solutions for each flight. At two data lines per flight, this yielded 64 total position solutions. Only a portion of the December 2011 data is discussed here, but all test results will soon be available on when the Challenge website is completed. Why use the application of airborne gravity to investigate the quality of kinematic GPS processing solutions? Because the gravity measurement itself is an acceleration, which is being recorded with a sensor on a moving platform, inside a moving aircraft, in a rotating reference frame (the Earth). The gravity results are completely reliant on our ability to calculate the motion of the aircraft— position, velocity, and acceleration. These values are used in several corrections that must be applied to the raw gravimeter measurement in order to recover a gravity value (Table 1). The corrections in Table 1 are simplified to assume that the GPS antenna and gravimeter sensor are co-located horizontally and offset vertically by a constant, known distance. Table 1. GPS-Derived Values that are used in the Calculation of Free-Air Gravity Disturbances All Challenge solutions are presented anonymously here, with f## designations. For each flight of data, the software that made the f01 solution is the same as for f16, f02 the same as f17, and so on. Test #1: Are the solutions precise and accurate? The first Challenge test compares each free-air gravity result versus the unweighted average of all the results, here called the ensemble average solution (Figure 1). This comparison highlights any GPS solutions whose gravity result is significantly different from the others, and will group together solutions that are similar to each other (precise). Precision is easy to test this way, but in order to tell which gravity results are accurate calculations of the gravity field, a “truth” solution is necessary. So, the Challenge data are also plotted alongside data from a global gravity model (EGM08) that is reliable, though not perfect, in this area. Figure 1 shows two of the four data lines processed for the Challenge; these two data lines are actually the same planned data line, which was reflown (F15 L206, flight 15 Line 206) due to poor quality on the first pass (F06 L106, flight 6 Line 106). The 5-10 mGal amplitude spikes of medium frequency along L106 are due to turbulence experienced by the aircraft, turbulence that the GPS and gravity processing could not remove from the gravity signal. Figure 1. Figure 2. Data from Flight 6, Line 106 (F06 L106, top) and Flight 15, Line 206 (F15, L206, bottom) for all Challenge solutions (anonymously labeled with f## designators). Figures 1 and 2. Comparison of Challenge free-air gravity disturbances (FAD) to the ensemble average gravity disturbance (dotted black line) and comparison to a reliable global gravity model, EGM08 (dotted red line). Figure 3. Figure 4. Figures 3 and 4. Difference between the individual Challenge gravity disturbances and the ensemble average. The thin black lines mark the 2-standard deviation levels for the differences. For F15 L206, one solution (f23) was removed from the difference plot and statistics because it was an outlier. For both lines, the ensemble’s difference with EGM08 is not plotted because it is too large to fit easily on the plot.   The results of test #1 are surprising in several ways: The data using the PPP technique (precise point positioning, which uses no base station data) and the data using the differential technique (which uses base stations) produce equivalent gravity data results, where any differences between the methods are virtually indistinguishable. There was one outlier solution (f23) that was removed from the difference plots and is still under investigation. Also, on F15 L206, solution f28 had an unusually large difference from the average though it performed predictably on the other lines. Of the remaining solutions, four solutions stand out as the most different from all the others: f03/f18, f04/f19, f05/f20, and f07/f22. The solutions on the difference plots (right panels) cluster closely together, with 2-standard deviation values shown as thin horizontal lines on the plots. The Challenge solutions meet the precision requirements for the GRAV-D program: +/- 1 mGal for 2-standard deviations. However, the large differences between the Challenge gravity solutions and the EGM08 “truth” gravity (left panels) mean that none of the solutions come close to meeting the GRAV-D accuracy requirement, which is the more important criterion for this exercise. Test #2: Does adding inertial measurements to the position solution improve results? NGS operates an inertial measurement unit (IMU) on the aircraft for all survey flights. The IMU records the aircraft’s orientation (pitch, roll, yaw, and heading). Including the orientation information in the calculation of the position solution should yield a better position solution than GPS-only calculations, but it was not expected to be significantly better. Figure 2 shows the NGS best loosely-coupled GPS/IMU free-air gravity result versus the Challenge GPS-only results and Table 2 shows the related statistics. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figures 5 and 6. F06 L105. (Figure 5) Comparison of Challenge FAD gravity solutions (ensemble=black dotted line) with EGM08 (red dotted line); (Figure 6) comparison of Challenge gravity solutions (all GPS-only; ensemble=black dotted line) with NGS’ coupled GPS/IMU gravity solution (red dotted line). Table 2. Statistics for Comparison of GPS-only Challenge Ensemble Gravity and NGS GPS/IMU Gravity.   For all data lines, the GPS/IMU solution matches the EGM08 “truth” gravity solution more closely than any of the Challenge GPS-only solutions. In fact, the more motion that is experienced by the aircraft, the more that adding IMU information improves the solution. One conclusion from this test is that IMU data coupled with GPS data is a requirement, not optional, in order to obtain the best free-air gravity solutions. Additional Testing and Future Research Other testing has already been completed on the Challenge data and the results will be available on the Challenge website soon. Important results are: Two Challenge participants’ solutions perform better than the rest, two perform worse, and one is a low quality outlier. The reasons for these differences are still under investigation. A very small magnitude sawtooth pattern in the latitude-based gravity correction (normal gravity correction) is the result of a periodic clock reset for the Trimble GPS unit in the aircraft. This clock reset is uncorrected in the majority of Challenge solutions. The clock reset causes an instantaneous small change in apparent position, which results in a 1-2 mGal magnitude unreal spike in the gravity tilt correction at each epoch with a clock reset. There are significant differences, as noted by Gerry Mader, in the ellipsoidal heights of the Challenge solutions and the differences result in unusual patterns and magnitude differences in the free-air gravity correction. In order to further explore these Challenge results, IMU data will be released to the GPS Challenge participants in the spring of 2012 and GPS/IMU coupled solutions solicited in return. Additionally, basic information about the Challenge participants’ software and calculation methodologies will be collected and will form the basis of the benchmarking study. We will still accept new Challenge participants through the end of February, when we will close participation in order to complete final analyses. Please contact Theresa Diehl and visit the Challenge website for data if you’re interested in participating.
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Permanent Link to The Kinematic GPS Challenge: First Gravity Comparison Results
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wireless phone jammer diy

A prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.upon activating mobile jammers,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives.this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings.the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section.the present circuit employs a 555 timer.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,there are many methods to do this.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions,armoured systems are available,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,the proposed design is low cost,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.

Shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,pll synthesizedband capacity,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems.auto no break power supply control,scada for remote industrial plant operation,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.automatic telephone answering machine,also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,vswr over protectionconnections,this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,one is the light intensity of the room,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters.2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.with its highest output power of 8 watt.2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.

They go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised,key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,check your local laws before using such devices,20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower.reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,the systems applied today are highly encrypted,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,mainly for door and gate control,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis.it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.

1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz,and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.overload protection of transformer,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,it employs a closed-loop control technique.go through the paper for more information.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,cell phone jammers have both benign and malicious uses.transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance.iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts.it employs a closed-loop control technique.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.this project shows a temperature-controlled system.40 w for each single frequency band.

According to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building.a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders..
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