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Off-the-Shelf Antennas for Controlled-Reception-Pattern Antenna Arrays By Yu-Hsuan Chen, Sherman Lo, Dennis M. Akos, David S. De Lorenzo, and Per Enge INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley THE ANTENNA IS A CRITICAL COMPONENT OF ANY GNSS RECEIVING EQUIPMENT. It must be carefully designed for the frequencies and structures of the signals to be acquired and tracked. Important antenna properties include polarization, frequency coverage, phase-center stability, multipath suppression, the antenna’s impact on receiver sensitivity, reception or gain pattern, and interference handling. While all of these affect an antenna’s performance, let’s just look at the last two here. The gain pattern of an antenna is the spatial variation of the gain, or ratio of the power delivered by the antenna for a signal arriving from a particular direction compared to that delivered by a hypothetical isotropic reference antenna. Typically, for GNSS antennas, the reference antenna is also circularly polarized and the gain is then expressed in dBic units. An antenna may have a gain pattern with a narrow central lobe or beam if it is used for communications between two fixed locations or if the antenna can be physically steered to point in the direction of a particular transmitter. GNSS signals, however, arrive from many directions simultaneously, and so most GNSS receiving antennas tend to be omni-directional in azimuth with a gain roll-off from the antenna boresight to the horizon. While such an antenna is satisfactory for many applications, it is susceptible to accidental or deliberate interference from signals arriving from directions other than those of GNSS signals. Interference effects could be minimized if the gain pattern could be adjusted to null-out the interfering signals or to peak the gain in the directions of all legitimate signals. Such a controlled-reception-pattern antenna (CRPA) can be constructed using an array of antenna elements, each one being a patch antenna, say, with the signals from the elements combined before feeding them to the receiver. The gain pattern of the array can then be manipulated by electronically adjusting the phase relationship between the elements before the signals are combined. However, an alternative approach is to feed the signals from each element to separate banks of tracking channels in the receiver and form a beam-steering vector based on the double-difference carrier-phase measurements from pairs of elements that is subsequently used to weight the signals from the elements before they are processed to obtain a position solution. In this month’s column, we learn how commercial off-the-shelf antennas and a software-defined receiver can be used to design and test such CRPA arrays. “Innovation” features discussions about advances in GPS technology, its applications, and the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick. To contact him with topic ideas, email him at lang @ unb.ca. Signals from global navigation satellite systems are relatively weak and thus vulnerable to deliberate or unintentional interference. An electronically steered antenna array system provides an effective approach to mitigate interference by controlling the reception pattern and steering the system’s beams or nulls. As a result, so-called controlled-reception-pattern-antenna (CRPA) arrays have been deployed by organizations such as the U.S. Department of Defense, which seeks high levels of interference rejection. Our efforts have focused on developing a commercially viable CRPA system using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components to support the needs of Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) alternative position navigation and timing (APNT) efforts. In 2010, we implemented a seven-element, two-bit-resolution, single-beam and real-time CRPA software receiver. In 2011, the receiver was upgraded to support all-in-view, 16-bit-resolution with four elements. Even though we can implement these CRPA software receivers in real time, the performance of anti-interference is highly dependent on the antenna array layout and characteristics of the antenna elements. Our beamforming approach allows us to use several COTS antennas as an array rather than a custom-designed and fully calibrated antenna. The use of COTS antennas is important, as the goal of our effort is to develop a CRPA for commercial endeavors — specifically for robust timing for the national airspace. Hence, it is important to study the geometry layout of the individual antennas of the array to assess the layouts and to determine how antenna performance affects the array’s use. In our work, we have developed a procedure for calculating the electrical layouts of an antenna array by differential carrier-phase positioning. When compared to the physical layout, the results of electrical layouts can be used to determine the mutual coupling effect of each combination. Using the electrical layout, the resultant gain patterns can be calculated and used to see the beamwidth and the side-lobe issue. This is important as these factors have significant effects on anti-interference performance. This study focuses on understanding the performance effects of geometry and developing a method for describing the best geometry. We adopted three models of COTS antenna and two possible layouts for a four-element array. Then, signal collection hardware consisting of four Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radios and one host personal computer was assembled to collect array data sets for each layout/antenna combination. Our developed CRPA software receiver was used to process all data sets and output carrier-phase measurements. In this article, we will present the pattern analysis for the two selected layouts and describe how we collected the experimental data. We’ll then show the results of calculating the electrical spacing for the layouts are compare them to the physical layouts. Lastly, we’ll show the resulting patterns, discuss the antenna mutual coupling effects, and give our conclusions. Antenna Array Pattern Analysis Pattern is defined as the directional strength of a radio-frequency signal viewed from the antenna. The pattern of an antenna array is the product of the isotropic array factor and the isolated element pattern. We assume that the pattern of each element is identical and only consider the isotropic array factor. FIGURE 1 shows the coordination of an antenna array. The first element is set as a reference position. The x-axis is the east direction, the y-axis is the north direction, and the z-axis is the up direction. The baseline vector of the ith antenna is given by and  is the unit vector to the satellite. Figure 1. Antenna array geometry and direction of satellite. Array elements are identified as E#1, E#2, E#3, and E#4. The isotropic array factor is given by    (1) where λ is wavelength, and Ai is a complex constant. Currently, we only implement a four-element-array CRPA software receiver in real time. Hence, we analyze two kinds of layout of half-wavelength four-element arrays: a symmetrical Y array and a square array. Each antenna is separated from its nearest neighbor by a half wavelength. FIGURE 2 shows photos of the two layouts. FIGURE 3 shows the physical layouts. Figure 2. Photos of antenna arrays (left: Y array; right: square array). Figure 3A. Physical layout of antenna arrays (Y array). Figure 3B. Physical layout of antenna arrays (square array). The antenna patterns towards an elevation angle of 90 degrees, computed using equation 1 and the design layouts, are shown in FIGURE 4. One of the key characteristics of a pattern is the beamwidth, which is defined as the angle with 3-dB loss. FIGURE 5 shows the patterns in elevation angle where the beamwidth of the Y layout is 74 degrees and 86 degrees for the square layout. A narrow beamwidth will benefit anti-interference performance particularly if the interference is close to the direction of a target satellite. Figure 4. Patterns of antenna arrays (left: Y array; right: square array). Figure 5. Pattern beamwidths of Y and square arrays (3 dB beamwidth shown). Specifications of COTS Antennas Typically, the COTS antenna selection is determined by high gain and great out-of-band rejection. TABLE 1 shows the specifications of the three antenna models used in this article. These antennas are all patch antennas. The antennas are equipped with surface-acoustic-wave filters for rejecting out-of-band signals. A three-stage low noise amplifier with over 30 dB gain is also embedded in each antenna. Table 1. Specifications of COTS antennas used. Signal Collection Hardware and Experimental Setup The hardware used to collect the antenna array datasets is shown in FIGURE 6 with block-diagram representation in FIGURE 7. The hardware includes a four-element antenna array, four USRP2 software radio systems and one host computer. The signal received from the COTS antenna passes to a USRP2 board equipped with a 800–2300 MHz DBSRX2 programmable mixing and down-conversion daughterboard. The individual USRP2 boards are synchronized by a 10-MHz external common clock generator and a pulse-per-second (PPS) signal. The USRP2s are controlled by the host computer running the Ubuntu distribution of Linux. The open-source GNU Radio software-defined radio block is used to configure USRP2s and collect datasets. All USRP2s are configured to collect the L1 (1575.42 MHz) signal. The signals are converted to near zero intermediate frequency (IF) and digitized to 14-bit complex outputs (I and Q). Figure 6. Photo of the signal collection hardware. Figure 7. Block diagram of the signal collection hardware. The sampling rate is set as 4 MHz. The host computer uses two solid state drives for storing data sets. For our study, a 64-megabytes per second data transfer rate is needed. The fast solid state drives are especially useful when using high bandwidth signals such as L5, which will require an even higher data streaming rate (80 megabytes per second per channel). To compare the physical and electrical layouts of the antenna arrays, we set up the signal collection hardware to record six data sets for the two layouts and the three antenna models as shown in TABLE 2. All of the data sets were five minutes long to obtain enough carrier-phase measurements for positioning. Table 2. Experimental setups. Logging Carrier-Phase Measurements To calculate the precise spacing between the antenna elements, hundreds of seconds of carrier-phase measurements from each element are needed. The collected data sets were provided by our in-house-developed CRPA software receiver. The receiver was developed using Visual Studio under Windows. Most of source code is programmed using C++. Assembly language is used to program the functions with high computational complexity such as correlation operations. The software architecture of the receiver is depicted in FIGURE 8. This architecture exploits four sets of 12 tracking channels in parallel to process each IF signal from an antenna element. Each channel is dedicated to tracking the signal of a single satellite. The tracking channels output carrier-phase measurements to build the steering vectors for each satellite. The Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithm was adopted for adaptively calculating the weights for beamforming. Here, there are 12 weight sets, one for each satellite in a tracking channel, for the desired directions of satellites. Figure 8. Block diagram of the software architecture. Using the pre-correlation beamforming approach, the weights are multiplied with IF data and summed over all elements to form 12 composite signals. These signals are then processed by composite tracking channels. Finally, positioning is performed if pseudoranges and navigation messages are obtained from these channels. FIGURE 9 is the graphical user interface (GUI) of the CRPA software receiver. It consists of the channel status of all channels, carrier-phase differences, positioning results, an east-north (EN) plot, a sky plot, a carrier-to-noise-density (C/N0) plot and the gain patterns of the array for each tracked satellite. In the figure, the CRPA software receiver is tracking 10 satellites and its positioning history is shown in the EN plot. The beamforming channels have about 6 dB more gain in C/N0 than the channels of a single element. In each pattern, the direction with highest gain corresponds to the direction of the satellite. While the CRPA software receiver is running, the carrier-phase measurements of all elements and the azimuth and elevation angle of the satellites are logged every 100 milliseconds. Each data set in Table 2 was processed by the software receiver to log the data. Figure 9. Screenshot of the controlled-reception-pattern-antenna software-receiver graphical user interface. Electrical Layout of Antenna Array – Procedure The procedure of calculating the electrical layout of an antenna array is depicted in FIGURE 10. The single-difference integrated carrier phase (ICP) between the signals of an element, i, and a reference element, j, is represented as:    (2) where rkij is differential range toward the kth satellite between the ith and jth antenna elements (a function of the baseline vector between the ith and jth elements), δLij is the cable-length difference between the ith and jth antenna elements, Nkij is the integer associated with Φkij , εkij and  is the phase error. The double-difference ICP between the kth satellite and reference satellite l is represented as:    (3) The cable-length difference term is subtracted in the double difference. Since the distances between the antenna elements are close to one wavelength, equation (3) can be written as:    (4) where  is the unit vector to satellite k, pij is the baseline vector between the ith and jth elements. By combining all the double-difference measurements of the ijth pair of elements, the observations equation can be represented as:       (5) From the positioning results of composite channels, the azimuth and elevation angle of satellites are used to manipulate matrix G. To solve equation (5), the LAMBDA method was adopted to give the integer vector N. Then, pij  is solved by substituting N into equation (5). Finally, the cable-length differences are obtained by substituting the solutions of N and pij into equation (2). This approach averages the array pattern across all satellite measurements observed during the calibration period. Figure 10. Procedure for calculating antenna-array electrical spacing. Electrical Layout of Antenna Array – Results Using the procedure in the previous section, all electrical layouts of the antenna array were calculated and are shown in FIGURES 11 and 12. We aligned the vectors from element #1 to element #2 for all layouts. TABLE 3 lists the total differences between the physical and electrical layouts. For the same model of antenna, the Y layout has less difference than the square layout. And, in terms of antenna model, antenna #1 has the least difference for both Y and square layouts. We could conclude that the mutual coupling effect of the Y layout is less than that of the square layout, and that antenna #1 has the smallest mutual coupling effect among all three models of antenna for these particular elements and observations utilized. Figure 11. Results of electrical layout using three models of antenna compared to the physical layout for the Y array. Figure 12. Results of electrical layout using three models of antenna compared to physical layout for the square array. Table 3. Total differences between physical and electrical layouts. To compare the patterns of all calculated electrical layouts, we selected two specific directions: an elevation angle of 90 degrees and a target satellite, WAAS GEO PRN138, which was available for all data sets. The results are shown in FIGURES 13 and 14, respectively. From Figure 13, the beamwidth of the Y layout is narrower than that of the square layout for all antenna models. When compared to Figure 5, this result confirms the validity of our analysis approach. But, in Figure 14, a strong sidelobe appears at azimuth -60º in the pattern of Y layout for antenna #2. If there is some interference located in this direction, the anti-interference performance of the array will be limited. This is due to a high mutual coupling effect of antenna #2 and only can be seen after calculating the electrical layout. Figure 13. Patterns of three models of antenna and two layouts toward an elevation angle of 90 degrees. Figure 14. Patterns of three models of antenna and two layouts toward the WAAS GEO satellite PRN138. Conclusions The results of our electrical layout experiment show that the Y layout has a smaller difference with respect to the physical layout than the square layout. That implies that the elements of the Y layout have less mutual coupling. For the antenna selection, arrays based on antenna model #1 showed the least difference between electrical and physical layout. And its pattern does not have a high grating lobe in a direction other than to the target satellite. The hardware and methods used in this article can serve as a testing tool for any antenna array. Specifically, our methodology, which can be used to collect data, compare physical and electrical layouts, and assess resultant antenna gain patterns, allows us to compare the performances of different options and select the best antenna and layout combination. Results can be used to model mutual coupling and the overall effect of layout and antenna type on array gain pattern and overall CRPA capabilities. This procedure is especially important when using COTS antennas to assemble an antenna array and as we increase the number of antenna elements and the geometry possibilities of the array. Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the work of Dr. Jiwon Seo in building the signal collection hardware. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Federal Aviation Administration Cooperative Research and Development Agreement 08-G-007 for supporting this research. This article is based on the paper “A Study of Geometry and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Antennas for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Arrays” presented at ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, held in Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012. Manufacturers The antennas used to construct the arrays are Wi-Sys Communications Inc., now PCTEL, Inc. models WS3978 and WS3997 and PCTEL, Inc. model 3978D-HR. The equipment used to collect data sets includes Ettus Research LLC model USRP2 software-defined radios and associated DBSRX2 daughterboards. Yu-Hsuan Chen is a postdoctoral scholar in the GNSS Research Laboratory at Stanford University, Stanford, California. Sherman Lo is a senior research engineer at the Stanford GNSS Research Laboratory. Dennis M. Akos is an associate professor with the Aerospace Engineering Science Department in the University of Colorado at Boulder with visiting appointments at Luleå Technical University, Sweden, and Stanford University. David S. De Lorenzo is a principal research engineer at Polaris Wireless, Mountain View, California, and a consulting research associate to the Stanford GNSS Research Laboratory. Per Enge is a professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University, where he is the Kleiner-Perkins Professor in the School of Engineering. He directs the GNSS Research Laboratory. FURTHER READING • Authors’ Publications “A Study of Geometry and Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) Antennas for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Arrays” by Y.-H. Chen in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2012, the 25th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Nashville, Tennessee, September 17–21, 2012, pp. 907–914 (ION Student Paper Award winner). “A Real-Time Capable Software-Defined Receiver Using GPU for Adaptive Anti-Jam GPS Sensors” by J. Seo, Y.-H. Chen, D.S. De Lorenzo, S. Lo, P. Enge, D. Akos, and J. Lee in Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 9, 2011, pp. 8966–8991, doi: 10.3390/s110908966. “Real-Time Software Receiver for GPS Controlled Reception Pattern Array Processing” by Y.-H. Chen, D.S. De Lorenzo, J. Seo, S. Lo, J.-C. Juang, P. Enge, and D.M. Akos in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2010, the 23rd International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 21–24, 2010, pp. 1932–1941. “A GNSS Software Receiver Approach for the Processing of Intermittent Data” by Y.-H. Chen and J.-C. Juang in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2007, the 20th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, Texas, September 25–28, 2007, pp. 2772–2777. • Controlled-Reception-Pattern Antenna Arrays “Anti-Jam Protection by Antenna: Conception, Realization, Evaluation of a Seven-Element GNSS CRPA” by F. Leveau, S. Boucher, E. Goron, and H. Lattard in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 30–33. “Development of Robust Safety-of-Life Navigation Receivers” by M.V.T. Heckler, M. Cuntz, A. Konovaltsev, L.A. Greda, A. Dreher, and M. Meurer in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 59, No. 4, April 2011, pp. 998–1005, doi: 10.1109/TMTT.2010.2103090. Phased Array Antennas, 2nd Edition, by R. C. Hansen, published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2009. • Antenna Principles “Selecting the Right GNSS Antenna” by G. Ryley in GPS World, Vol. 24, No. 2, February 2013, pp. 40–41 (in PDF of 2013 Antenna Survey.) “GNSS Antennas: An Introduction to Bandwidth, Gain Pattern, Polarization, and All That” by G.J.K. Moernaut and D. Orban in GPS World, Vol. 20, No. 2, February 2009, pp. 42–48. “A Primer on GPS Antennas” by R.B. Langley in GPS World, Vol. 9, No. 7, July 1998, pp. 50-54. • Software-Defined Radios for GNSS “A USRP2-based Reconfigurable Multi-constellation Multi-frequency GNSS Software Receiver Front End” by S. Peng and Y. Morton in GPS Solutions, Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2013, pp. 89-102. “Software GNSS Receiver: An Answer for Precise Positioning Research” by T. Pany, N. Falk, B. Riedl, T. Hartmann, G. Stangl, and C. Stöber in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 9, September 2012, pp. 60–66. “Simulating GPS Signals: It Doesn’t Have to Be Expensive” by A. Brown, J. Redd, and M.-A. Hutton in GPS World, Vol. 23, No. 5, May 2012, pp. 44–50. Digital Satellite Navigation and Geophysics: A Practical Guide with GNSS Signal Simulator and Receiver Laboratory by I.G. Petrovski and T. Tsujii with foreword by R.B. Langley, published by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2012. “A Real-Time Software Receiver for the GPS and Galileo L1 Signals” by B.M. Ledvina, M.L. Psiaki, T.E. Humphreys, S.P. Powell, and P.M. Kintner, Jr. in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2006, the 19th International Technical Meeting of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, Texas, September 26–29, 2006, pp. 2321–2333.

wireless phone jammer portable

Integrated inside the briefcase,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,when the mobile jammer is turned off.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.this task is much more complex,depending on the vehicle manufacturer,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.band scan with automatic jamming (max,bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system.at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1.thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.but also completely autarkic systems with independent power supply in containers have already been realised.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits.pll synthesizedband capacity.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.

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Building material and construction methods,both outdoors and in car-park buildings,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.information including base station identity.< 500 maworking temperature,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,synchronization channel (sch).> -55 to – 30 dbmdetection range,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,the proposed design is low cost,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,power grid control through pc scada.

This paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system.energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.scada for remote industrial plant operation,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),it employs a closed-loop control technique,communication system technology,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.frequency band with 40 watts max.from the smallest compact unit in a portable,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable.frequency band with 40 watts max,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,smoke detector alarm circuit,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.

So that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal.a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.specificationstx frequency,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),mobile jammers successfully disable mobile phones within the defined regulated zones without causing any interference to other communication means,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band.noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,this can also be used to indicate the fire,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs,dtmf controlled home automation system,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.0°c – +60°crelative humidity,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference.3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.

Here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,auto no break power supply control,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,department of computer scienceabstract.placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,micro controller based ac power controller.where shall the system be used,it is required for the correct operation of radio system,vswr over protectionconnections.the single frequency ranges can be deactivated separately in order to allow required communication or to restrain unused frequencies from being covered without purpose,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.we have designed a system having no match,automatic changeover switch,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.

You can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.the common factors that affect cellular reception include.by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase.the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,depending on the already available security systems.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.theatres and any other public places.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,.