The world of indoor location continues to evolve, with a number of variations on when and under what circumstances you might be able to wander around your local mall getting directions to your favorite ice-cream store on your iPhone. Some malls are mapped, some are not, some (most) have Wi-Fi hot-spots and Bluetooth beacons, some may be in areas where outdoor directional beacon are being tested and their signals penetrate indoors. But the thing they have in common is that most seem to lose GPS/GNSS signals once you get a few tens of meters away from the front entrance.
Some companies have managed to make indoor location in your mall work with a combination of GPS, plus all the RF signals that can be received, plus using inertial and/or magnetic sensors in your mobile phone, and sometimes also with detailed indoor map-matching — but no-one seems to do this in a simple, consistent, reproducible way for any store wanting to ensure you arrive at their door, or for a telecommunication industry wishing to standardize how it works for E911 and then field it everywhere.
So I’ve actually been looking for an indoor location outfit who might have found a consistent solution that can work from place to place — by that I mean from mall to mall, city to city, country to country, even continent to continent, and every time after first set-up — and I suspect that I may have now found one.
The team at iPosi in Denver is still working on their solution, but they have run some pretty convincing demonstrations in some very challenging locations, so they may have found an inside edge that could take them many places (sorry, about that pun).
While iPosi’s headquarters are is in Denver, the company also has labs in Boulder and offices in Dallas. It hasn’t been around too long — since 2011 — but it has been busy filing patents for the key technologies that drive their location technology. Of 40 total patents in the pipeline, five have been granted or allowed, 15 are pending, and 20 more are in development. With only six employees, iPosi is a small outfit, but it also gets design assistance from a European design center for other GNSS signal designs.
One of the key GNSS elements the iPosi team has going for them is an in-house developed GPS receiver with a sensitivity of -175 dBm. If you could get any sort of a signal deep inside a building, it’s possible that they might be able to receive it. But, for sure, anything you would receive deep inside would be just multipath – right? There are other pieces to this story however.
The iPosi system design is based on mobile phone “small-cell” installations. The world now has around 100 million multi-floor buildings with an average of eight floors each, and most buildings present some level of attenuation for external mobile phone cell-tower signals — never mind GPS signals. Most of us should be familiar with having to leave meetings to get “bars.” holding the phone up against a window, walking around to catch reflected indoor signals, and eventually having to leave the building and be with a group of other people who are doing the same thing – looking for a clear cell-phone signal to make a call. In the Northern U.S. and Canada in the winter, this can even be hazardous to your health!
So small cells behave as basically indoor “repeaters” of mobile phone signals. iPosi believes that an average of four of these repeaters are needed to broadcast sufficient signal on each average building floor. So iPosi embeds each small cell with one of its high-sensitivity receivers. Once positioned indoors, and over time, the receivers self-locate inside the building. Currently, installation of small cells can be somewhat cumbersome and time consuming, but non-GPS small cells can be located during installation using traditional indoor surveying techniques — such as laser-based measurements. Either that, or no measurements are made at all, and no device location information is associated with a device.
Small-cell setup.
With each small cell equipped with a high-sensitivity receiver — with especially clever algorithms to differentiate and interpret multipath over time — each device goes to work transmitting repeater mobile-phone signals and eventually self-locates. Contained within these signals are each small-cell location, plus a timing message that allows any standards-compliant handset to calculate range to each transmitter and to perform an OTDOA (Observed Time Difference Of Arrival) position fix.
If the small-cell location at install is also fed into the GIS database for the building and, more importantly, for the local area, the E911 “dispatchable address” for that building has GPS-level accuracy. And first responders will also have numerous other small-cell location aids within the building.
Another detail is that the iPosi receiver uses A-GNSS (including ephemeris) data, so it only needs small snapshots of signal to deduce position. This means very low power consumption for positioning at the small cell, which is good because small cells are mostly battery powered.
So, does it work? In FCC E911 demonstrations at the Omni Hotel in San Francisco, iPosi consistently located to within 50 meters horizontally and a few meters vertically.
Masonry, turn-of-20th-century construction
Approximately 15 floors, similar to surrounding
Test site: ninth floor hotel room
Horizontal error = 38 m, Vertical error = 9.5 m
There were several other tests in representative converted apartments, a modern four-story steel and concrete building, and inside a university auditorium. But the one that really caught my attention was the test iPosi ran in the basement of an engineering center.
Engineering center, lower basement 3.5 m below grade.
That’s 3.5 meters below grade! The iPosi receiver measurement system was able to determine that some of the signals were actually received directly from a GPS satellite — unbelievable! That’s through concrete and stone down to 3.5 meters below grade with a simple patch antenna!
Most of your average mall locations are not as location-hazardous as this basement test. Its possible that finding your way to the closest indoor ice-cream store could soon be child’s play, which will be especially helpful for the kids with smartphones.
iPosi is working with some of the key equipment suppliers in the industry. It’s quite likely that some of its evaluation sites could soon evolve into operational indoor location facilities. And iPosi’s argument is that its indoor location solution is truly scalable or can be readily standardized — as the telecom companies apparently would love for all indoor location technology to be — so the iPosi solution can readily transition across borders and countries, and roll out could be greatly simplified.
Tony Murfin
Hard to say if this will be the winning indoor location solution, but in the end the market will decide if it really is a scalable, simple solution, and if it will succeed — right?
Tony Murfin
GNSS Aerospace
tmurfin@gpsworld.com
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phone jammer gadget insurance
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2100-2200 mhztx output power,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives.some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.the unit requires a 24 v power supply,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,selectable on each band between 3 and 1.it employs a closed-loop control technique.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers.shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.are suitable means of camouflaging,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station.reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,whether voice or data communication,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,vswr over protectionconnections.band scan with automatic jamming (max,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.
If there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,when the mobile jammers are turned off.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals,vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,temperature controlled system,overload protection of transformer.868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,40 w for each single frequency band.smoke detector alarm circuit.mobile jammer can be used in practically any location.the systems applied today are highly encrypted,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,the present circuit employs a 555 timer.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,presence of buildings and landscape..
2021/03/10
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