The September article Receiver Design for the Future is based on a GPS World webinar, which sprang from a presentation at the Stanford PNT Symposium. Listener questions and Greg Turetzky’s answers during the webinar are provided below. Greg Turetzky is a principal engineer at Intel responsible for strategic business development in Intel’s Wireless Communication Group focusing on location. He has more than 25 years of experience in the GNSS industry at JHU-APL, Stanford Telecom, Trimble, SiRF and CSR.
Is dual frequency expected to be seen in smartphones this year?
If what you’re saying there is L1, L2, L5, the answer is absolutely not. But if what you’re saying is GPS, Galileo, BeiDou, which are all in different bands, then I think we are already seeing tri-bands between the GLONASS band, the GPS band and the BeiDou band. I expect to see that continue from a multi-constellation standpoint, rather than multi-frequency on individual constellations.
How do you see antenna design changing and developing relative to receiver design?
If you go back to that slide, the answer is the opposite — antenna design has been getting worse and worse in order to shave cost and size and is being made up for in silicon design. A really good example is, most GPS receivers that we build for mobile phones aren’t optimized to work at -140 dBm, our standard normal outdoor power, because we never see that. The antennas that we typically work with are 8, 10, 12 dB down, so no matter what, we never see anything above -140.
So I think the answer is the opposite — no one is trying in my market to make better antenna design, they’re trying to make them even smaller and even cheaper. Especially if you think about getting into wearables and button-sized things, you need a GPS antenna, a Bluetooth antenna and a Wi-Fi antenna in a button. That’s the problem, and still leaving room for performance. So basically we’re being asked to make up for that in the receiver design.
One of your slides showed GPS with 100% penetration, and SBAS was one of the next highest bars on that chart, outdated as it was, even though it’s only less than a year old. What are the benefits of SBAS in a commercial receiver?
The issue with that fact is we like geostationary satellites, because they’re easy to find and they’re useful from a visibility standpoint. But the data demodulation of those is even more challenging than GPS because of the additional coding schemes that go on top of it. It’s very difficult for us to demodulate off the SBAS satellite, so we primarily use them for ranging and for autonomous operation when we’re not aided.
In aided operation, we use them less, because we get the data that we need off the Internet, right off a feed, or it comes in off of a satellite, which is much more useful. So SBAS stuff is there because it doesn’t add a lot of cost of difficulty to the receiver design, but it’s not a crucial part of the operation anymore — I’d say with the exception of QZSS, which has a large impact in its regional operating area.
Let’s continue the trend in questions towards multi-constellations. What’s the strategy to switch on another GNSS constellation in case of a GPS problem for a future receiver?
It’s a really good question, but it comes from a premise that we would switch something on that was normally off. The general strategy that’s being followed is to use everything that’s available all the time, so that we can use the methodologies of essentially autonomous RAIM on a receiver where we now have 8, 10, 12 signals coming into the receiver. It’s pretty obvious right away when something has gone wrong, and so it’s not so much time when we can flag when to switch on. It’s more a time when we can switch off. If we see a systemic problem in multiple satellites, then we may use that in our definition, but it’s not from a switching-on standpoint.
So, basically what we’re doing is we’re keeping everything on all the time and relying on autonomous RAIM capabilities from the fact that we’re tracking 14 or 16 satellites at a time with all this extra compute horsepower, because now I’m running embedded CPUs at hundreds of megahertz, where back at SiRF when we could get 15 megahertz, we were happy. So we have a lot more compute horsepower on the mobile side to do autonomous RAIM.
item: Phone recording jammer line - phone jammer review parturition
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phone recording jammer line
15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),auto no break power supply control.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.mainly for door and gate control,cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code).most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.specificationstx frequency,a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,control electrical devices from your android phone,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in.
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The circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,
,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,we are providing this list of projects,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,one is the light intensity of the room,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.
5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.go through the paper for more information.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,all these functions are selected and executed via the display,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,.
2021/03/10
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