Special Section, March 2015. Download a PDF of this section, with the Simulator Product Showcase.
CAST Navigation
CAST-SGX GPS Satellite Simulator
The SGX GPS satellite signal simulator from CAST Navigation. Photo: CAST Navigation
The SGX GPS satellite signal simulator from CAST Navigation provides the user with dynamic, repeatable GPS RF signals for use in the laboratory or in the field for a wide range of GPS applications. The SGX simulator is housed in a portable, lightweight, handheld enclosure measuring 7 x 11 x 3 inches and weighing just over 4 pounds.
The SGX is lightweight and portable, operates on AC or battery power, and features 16 channels of L1 C/A and P codes. Based on CAST’s technology that has been developed for use in the company’s larger military products, it is extremely accurate and repeatable.
The SGX is controlled via an intuitive touchscreen interface that allows the user to select, start, and stop scenarios, change screen views, and change satellite RF power levels while a scenario is running. Three test scenarios are delivered with the simulator.
XGEN Plus Scenario Generation Software. This software gives the user the ability to generate custom scenarios for use with the SGX. The software allows for complete control over GPS almanac, ephemeris, and all satellite error sources.
The user can select from a variety of vehicle types and simulate static or dynamic motion. The user can also employ antenna gain patterns and vehicle silhouettes if desired. The user can generate a customized high precision six-degree-of-freedom trajectory simply by defining a mission profile that is based on raw maneuvers, waypoints, Google Maps or a combination of these maneuver types.The new scenarios can be downloaded via USB port or SD card interfaces.
CAST has been in the GPS simulation and support business for more than 30 years, designing, developing, manufacturing, and integrating innovative GPS/INS simulators and associated test equipment for government, military, prime vendor, and consumer markets.
www.castnav.com; phone: 978 858-0130; email: sales@castnav.com
Cobham AvComm (formerly Aeroflex)
GPSG-1000 — Portable GPS/Galileo/SBAS Positional Simulator
AeroflexGPSG-1000: Portable GPS/Galileo/SBAS Positional Simulator Photo: Galileo
Designed to be a versatile yet affordable satellite simulator, the GPSG-1000 is proving to be a vital instrument used by those validating and testing GNSS receivers in a variety of applications within the transportation, consumer electronics, aerospace and military industry segments, to name a few.
The GPSG-1000 is a single carrier, multi-channel GPS/Galileo simulator that is portable and ruggedized so it can be safely and confidently deployed in a variety of outdoor and indoor environments. The unit is available in a 6- or 12-channel configuration, and supports the following GNSS signals: L1, L1C, L2C, L5, E1, E5, E5a, E5b and SBAS (WAAS and EGNOS).
The GPSG-1000 can be directly connected to a GNSS receiver under test. It can also simulate actual “open-sky” situations whereby the unit can generate its signals through the included antenna coupler system that isolates and transmits to the UUT’s antenna(s). Utilizing an integrated GPS receiver, the GPSG-1000 simulates actual time of day and date as well as the real constellation that would be available for navigation at that specific point in time. Multiple almanacs and route files can be saved to the GPSG’s memory, thereby enabling current and past history dynamic motion, constellation environment creation/recreation and other significant troubleshooting capabilities. During any given static or dynamic simulation, space vehicle parametrics and health can be user controlled.
The GPSG-1000 features a touchscreen user interface that can be remotely hosted via an integrated Ethernet port. The unit uses a rechargeable, Lithium Ion battery enabling hours of untethered use, and can also be used while the battery is recharging.
ats.aeroflex.com; phone: (316) 522-4981 or (800) 835-2352; email: info-test@aeroflex.com
IFEN Inc.
NavX-NCS Professional GNSS Simulator
NavX-NCS Essential GNSS Simulator
The NavX-NCS Professional GNSS Simulator by IFEN. Photo: IFEN
The absolute flexibility of the NavX-NCS Professional GNSS Simulator allows it to be configured with up to 108 channels and all of the following signals:
GPS L1/L2/L5 C/A & P code and L2C
GLONASS G1/G2 standard & high accuracy codes
Galileo E1/E5/E6 (BOC/CBOC/AltBOC)
BeiDou B1/B2/B3
SBAS L1/L5 (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS, GAGAN)
QZSS L1 & L1-SAIF
IMES
The user is enabled to assign signals freely to any of the RF modules fitted to the simulator. This allows the same hardware to be used in a range of different configurations.
Signals may be added by software license with no need to return the hardware for upgrade.
Up to four independent RF outputs may be fitted, enabling the user to simulate multiple antenna locations simultaneously (allowing simulation of multiple antennas on one vehicle, multiple vehicles simultaneously, a mixture of static locations and mobile vehicles, and multiple antenna elements for Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna [CRPA] testing).
The comprehensive and easy-to-use Control Center operating software allows the operator to quickly create realistic test scenarios for effective testing of user equipment.
IFEN also offers the NavX-NCS Essential GNSS Simulator, which is available with 21 or 42 channels and is capable of simulating GPS L1 (including SBAS L1), GLONASS G1, Galileo E1, BeiDou B1, QZSS L1, and IMES. The simulator is also supplied with Control Center operating software for comprehensive scenario generation.
www.ifen.com
For USA and Canada: Mark Wilson; phone: 951-739-7331; email: m.wilson@ifen.com
Racelogic
LabSat 3 Triple Constellation Simulator
RaceLogic LabSat 3. Photo: RaceLogic
LabSat 3 from Racelogic is a low cost, stand-alone, battery powered, multi-constellation RF record-and-replay device, designed to assist GNSS engineers in the development and testing of their products.
With its small size and all-in-one design, LabSat 3 makes it easier than ever to collect raw satellite data in the same environment that end users experience in everyday use. This enables repeatable and realistic testing to be carried out under controlled conditions.
LabSat 3 doesn’t need to be connected to a PC in order to record live-sky GNSS signals. With one-touch recording to SD card and a two-hour battery life, it can be used in any outdoor location to create real-world scenarios, for eventual replay back in the lab. As well as being able to simultaneously record or replay GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, QZSS, Galileo, and SBAS signals, it can log CAN Bus, serial, or digital data, embedded alongside the satellite information. This additional information can then be replayed alongside the GNSS output, with synchronization to within 60 ns. A 1PPS signal can also be generated using the internal GPS receiver.
LabSat 3 can be used as a replay system out of the box with a set of 60 pre-recorded scenarios supplied as part of the package, recorded from various locations around the globe. Additionally, SatGen software, a demo version of which is available from the LabSat website, allows for
scenario generation of user-defined trajectories, with precise control over velocity, heading, height, and constellation profiles. Routes are also easily created in Google Maps, and the software also supports NMEA and KML file import. SatGen gives test engineers the ability to develop their products using simulations that would be difficult or impossible to record due to geographic location or safety constraints.
LabSat 3 is available as a record and replay, or replay-only version; either one, two, or three constellation types generate a single, dual, or triple constellation file.
LabSat is currently used by many leading manufacturers of GPS chipsets, portable navigation devices, smartphones, and by major car companies in their test, development and production processes.
www.labsat.co.uk; phone: +44 (0)1280 823803
Rohde & Schwarz
R&S SMBV100A: GNSS Simulator in Vector Signal Generator
The R&S SMBV100A: GNSS Simulator in Vector Signal Generator. Photo: R&S
The GNSS simulator in the vector signal generator R&S SMBV100A is designed for development, verification and production of GNSS chipsets, modules and receivers. The simulator supports all possible scenarios, from simple setups with individual, static satellites all the way to flexible scenarios generated in real time with up to 24 dynamic GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS satellites.
GNSS simulator with support of GPS L1/L2 (C/A and P code), GLONASS L1/ L2, Galileo E1, BeiDou and QZSS L1, including hybrid constellations.
Real-time simulation of realistic constellations with up to 24 satellites and unlimited simulation time.
Flexible scenario generation including moving scenarios, dynamic power control and atmospheric modeling.
Configuration of realistic user environments, including obscuration and multipath, antenna characteristics and vehicle attitude.
Static mode for basic receiver testing using signals with zero or constant Doppler shift.
Support of Assisted GNSS (A-GNSS) test scenarios, including generation of assistance data for GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS.
Real-time external trajectory feed for hardware in the loop (HIL) applications.
High signal dynamics, simulation of spinning vehicles and precision code (P-code) simulations to support aerospace and defense applications.
Enhanced simulation capabilities for aerospace applications by supporting ground-based augmentation systems (GBAS).
Support of other digital communications and radio standards in the same instrument.
www.rohde-schwarz.com; email: customersupport@rohde-schwarz.com
Spectracom
Afforable, Flexible and User-Friendly GNSS Simulators
The Spectracom family of simulators. Photo: Spectracom
Spectracom GNSS Simulators support test and development programs from simple manufacturing tests to multi-output testing across the diverse ecosphere of industries relying on GNSS technology. Spectracom’s innovation allows users of any skill level full control over the GNSS constellation, vehicle motion/attitude and signal path complications such as atmospherics and multipath to develop complex scenarios. Typical test conditions include:
Clock errors
Data errors
“Real-world” motion from embedded Google Maps
In-band noise generation
Multipath
Signal obstructions calculated from 3D building models
“Current time” simulation
Real-time HIL testing
Easy synchronization for multi-output testing
Automative download of the current almanac
Antenna pattern effects
Inertial sensor testing
Assisted GNSS testing
No dedicated PC is required. Scenarios are run and managed from the front panel, SCPI commands, or any PC/tablet via a web interface. Users can select a flexible, field upgradeable Spectracom simulator, and then purchase the software options they need.
GSG-6 Series multi-frequency, advanced GNSS simulator is powerful enough for any cutting-edge test program. GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou, QZSS and IRNSS signals are available across multiple frequencies. The GSG-6 is designed for military, research or professional applications.
GSG-5 Series multi-constellation L1-band GNSS simulator is designed for commercial development/integration programs. If a user is developing commercial products with GNSS capability, the GSG-5 will shorten test programs with confidence.
GSG-51 single channel signal generator is designed for one purpose — fast, simple go/no-go manufacturing test and validation, ensuring the manufacturing line is operating at full capacity with confidence in quality.
www.spectracom.com; email: sales@spectracomcorp.com; phone: 585-321-5800
Spirent Federal Systems
GNSS Simulators
Spirent’s GSS9000 constellation simulator. Photo: Spirent
Spirent provides simulators that cover all applications, including research and development, integration/verification and production testing.
GSS9000. The newly released Spirent GSS9000 multi-frequency, multi-GNSS RF constellation simulator can simulate signals from all GNSS and regional navigation. The GSS9000 offers a four-fold increase in RF signal iteration rate (SIR) over Spirent’s GSS8000 simulator. The GSS9000 SIR is 1000 Hz (1 ms), enabling higher dynamic simulations with more accuracy and fidelity. It includes support for restricted and classified signals from the GPS and Galileo systems, as well as advanced capabilities for ultra-high dynamics. It can evaluate resilience of navigation systems to interference and spoofing attacks, and has the flexibility to reconfigure constellations, channels and frequencies between test runs or test cases.
Hardware changes can be done in the field, supported by the new on-board calibrator module. The GSS9000 is extensible and can support the widest range of carriers, ranging codes and data streams for the Galileo, GPS, GLONASS, and BeiDou systems, as well as regional/augmentation systems. Multi-antenna/multi-vehicle simulation, for differential-GNSS and attitude determination, and interference/jamming and spoofing testing are also supported.
CRPA Test System. Spirent’s Controlled Reception Pattern Antenna (CRPA) Test System generates both GNSS and interference signals. Users can control multiple antenna elements. Null-steering and space/time adaptive CRPA testing are both supported by this comprehensive approach.
GSS6425. The Spirent GSS6425 RPS quickly and simply records complex real-world RF environments, capturing both GNSS signals and atmospheric/interference effects. These environments can then be replayed repeatedly to the hardware software under test, reducing project, travel and engineering costs.
www.spirentfederal.com; Jeff Martin, Director of Sales; Kalani Needham, Sales Manager; email: info@spirentfederal.com; phone: 801-785-1448; fax: 801-785-1294
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Are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building.this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.frequency band with 40 watts max.pll synthesizedband capacity,its called denial-of-service attack,there are many methods to do this,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region,this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,control electrical devices from your android phone,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,cell phones are basically handled two way ratios.incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).9 v block battery or external adapter,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands.140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,we then need information about the existing infrastructure,it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,once i turned on the circuit,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,it employs a closed-loop control technique.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,bomb threats or when military action is underway,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft).
This paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,this task is much more complex,cell phones within this range simply show no signal.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,are suitable means of camouflaging,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.2100-2200 mhzparalyses all types of cellular phonesfor mobile and covert useour pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind.dtmf controlled home automation system,information including base station identity.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.its total output power is 400 w rms,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.overload protection of transformer,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,protection of sensitive areas and facilities,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.programmable load shedding,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,pll synthesizedband capacity.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs.power grid control through pc scada,and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,1 w output powertotal output power.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,when shall jamming take place.overload protection of transformer.for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.micro controller based ac power controller.they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal.mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.
Integrated inside the briefcase.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,completely autarkic and mobile,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements.its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions.the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way.< 500 maworking temperature.armoured systems are available,the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,it can be placed in car-parks,variable power supply circuits.placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise.deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.vswr over protectionconnections,vswr over protectionconnections,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.the present circuit employs a 555 timer,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,this can also be used to indicate the fire.the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius.thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established.the vehicle must be available,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,we just need some specifications for project planning,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply.the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones.depending on the vehicle manufacturer,these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,presence of buildings and landscape.we are providing this list of projects.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.while most of us grumble and move on.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.mainly for door and gate control.40 w for each single frequency band,scada for remote industrial plant operation,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request.as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals.the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like.
Micro controller based ac power controller.whether copying the transponder,there are many methods to do this.standard briefcase – approx,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.when the mobile jammer is turned off.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful.wireless mobile battery charger circuit,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car.the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,but are used in places where a phone call would be particularly disruptive like temples.and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,and frequency-hopping sequences.12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.if you are looking for mini project ideas,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,40 w for each single frequency band.the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible..