Galileo, that’s who! For dogged determination and persistent pushing-forwardness in the face of adversity, obstacles, and the occasional technical difficulty. That there may be occasional confusion, as well, or mixed messages as to just what the future may bring, is certainly understandable. In fact, it is to be expected, given the circumstances.
Let’s review the math.
Two
Two for the two launch vehicles that Galileo may use in the near future, Soyuz Fregat and Ariane 5. The Soyuz rocket can lift two satellites of the Galileo punching weight. The Ariane 5 rocket can carry four into space.
Soyuz Fregat has a losing record so far with Galileo, being responsible for the August 2014 loosening of the first two full-operational capability (FOC) satellites into the dangerous Van Allen Belt. The first of these satellites has been successfully repositioned by the European Space Agency (ESA) into a mostly-but-not-totally useable orbit, and the second is currently en route to a similar spot.
We do not wish to say we told you so, but we will. Back on March 26, 2014, we wrote on these virtual pages, “ESA’s year-end plan calls for two more dual-satellite launches in October and December on Russian Soyuz rockets — new partners to the Galileo dance, bringing perhaps new technical connectivity issues.”
“Rockets are tricky,” said Tesla/SpaceX CEO Elon Musk, after his Falcon 9 Reusable rocket exploded over Texas at roughly the same time that Soyuz Fregat mis-delivered two Galileo satellites into wrong orbits.
Musk meant tricky in actual operation, but we may also add, tricky in scheduling, in getting a cargo aboard a spacebound vehicle. Arianespace’s calendar is particularly filled with telecomm satellites impatient to be put aloft, with Ariane 5 being the preferred launcher of many. Soyuz availability, understandably, is somewhat more open.
Four
Four for the total of four Galileo satellites now orbiting and broadcasting useable signals at all times for all users. These four come from the in-orbit validation (IOV) generation.
The two added FOC satellites, no longer in a bad orbit, now in a sort-of-pretty-good orbit, should be useable at some times, for some purposes, by some people. Peter Steigenberger and André Hauschild, researchers at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) / German Space Operations Center, wrote in this magazine in January that:
“Despite the orbit injection error, the new Galileo FOC satellite has now been successfully activated and added to the Galileo constellation. Unfortunately, the current orbit is incompatible with the standard Galileo almanac format, which may cause restrictions for some commercial receiver types.
“Nevertheless, the satellite can already be tracked by a wide range of geodetic receivers with existing firmware versions and it will, in fact, be possible to use the new satellite for diverse applications in surveying, precise positioning, and geodesy, as well as in general multi-GNSS studies. We now look forward to the activation of the second FOC satellite, which can be expected in early 2015 and will, for the first time, offer multi-frequency signals from a total of five Galileo satellites.”
If you have four fully useable satellites and two partially useable satellites, what do you have? Does six = five functionally in this case? Or perhaps 5.5?
Six
Six for the oncoming new Galileo FOC satellites to be launched in 2015, according to some schedules and some official announcements.
On a year-opening preview of operations given on Jan. 19, Thomas Reiter, Head of the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt, Germany, outlined the launch schedule for Galileo in 2015. Six new FOC satellites in total:
Galileo L4 with two on March 26
Galileo L5 with two in September
Galileo L6 with two in December.
Now, six satellites divided by three launch dates gives two satellites per launch. Seeming to indicate a Soyuz rocket for all three dates. Reiter did not mention any rocket by name, but this would be the inference.
That’s putting a brave face on the situation. Back in May, Russia suffered its fifth rocket launch crash in the past four years, raising serious concerns about the reliability of Russian rockets and launch procedures. Subsequently, the August Galileo launch that went so wrong was controlled by Arianespace, but it did use the Russian equipment.
It strains credulity that an omission or oversight in the system thermal analysis during stage design of a million-dollar rocket, designed to carry million-plus-dollar satellites in a 21st-century endeavor, could permit the creation of a thermal bridge between two feed lines, causing one of them to freeze during a crucial phase of space operations — but that is what apparently happened at some point at NPO Lavochkin in Russia, and that is what ultimately caused Galileo such misfortune. All parties concerned swear that this problem has been corrected in every other Soyuz Fregat, but who knows what other anomalies lie undiscovered therein?
So putting all your 2015 money aboard Soyuzes is really rolling the marbles. Even if, as Elżbieta Bienkowska, Member of the EC in charge of Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs stated at this week’s 7th European Space Conference: EU Space Policy Confronted With the Rising Demand for Services and Applications, “We agreed to contract insurance for the next launches.”
Eight
Eight for the oncoming new Galileo FOC satellites to be launched in 2015, according to other schedules and other official announcements.
“2015 will be a crucial year for the European space industry. We have big plans,” said Maros Sefcoviv, vice-president of the EC in charge of Energy Union, earlier at the very same 7th European Space conference, EU Space Policy Confronted With the Rising Demand for Services and Applications.
“On the biggest one, we are planning five launches, which will bring up to space 10 satellites: eight for our Galileo constellation, and two for Copernicus. This is something that will put these programs over, I would say, over the edge, in a way, to be able to offer early services from Galileo, and to develop the program of Copernicus. It would prove the resilience and competitiveness of the European space industry, and its ability to serve the businesses, and what I think is most important, to offer new kinds of services to the citizens.”
“For our flagship programs like Galileo and EGNOS, our priority must be to deliver services as soon as possible. That is why the satellites have to be delivered and operations must be ready as soon as possible.”
Now, if you have eight satellites to go up in three launches, that would mean one of them has to go with four aboard. Thus, an Ariane 5 Galileo launch this year after all? Or possibly four Soyuz launches, although one more launch date could just just as hard to come by as a launch vehicle.
Hard to tell. Very hard to tell. Extremely hard to tell, from the outside.
Those who do not study history are condemned to repeat it, goes the dictum. Those who do study GNSS history, in this case, are likely only to repeat past pronouncements without any perceptible advance in clarity.
Way, way back in March 2013, an EC program manager told GPS World, “Then, in 2014 [after four FOC satellites were to rise in 2013, which did not happen] we will see three Soyuz launches of two satellites each. We do not have the precise launch dates yet, but they are likely to be in April, June, and September. In December 2014, we expect to have the first launch using the Ariane 5 launcher, which is capable of deploying four satellites in one go. This means that by the end of 2014 Galileo will have deployed 18 satellites in orbit.”
Now, the target has moved several times since then, and the schedule has slid accordingly.
“In 2015, there will be two Ariane 5 launches, one in the middle of the year, one at the end, each carrying four satellites.”
Six or Eight?
Either number this year, we would surely appreciate. To return to Ms. Bienkowska, she left a little fudge room in her presentation: “We aim to launch at least six satellites this year.”
Well, at least we are all moving forward. Resolutely.
——————————–
I am indebted to Tim Reynolds, GPS World’s Brussels-based European correspondent, and to Peter de Selding, Paris bureau chief of SpaceNews, for their assistance in gathering diverse intelligence on this topic. Tim Reynolds will have an up-to-date view of this and other Galileo developments when we publish the next issue of the EAGER* newsletter at the end of March. Subscribe for free.
* The European GNSS and Earth Observation Report
item: Phone jammer project , phone jammer bag lunch
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phone jammer project
Which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,detector for complete security systemsnew solution for prison management and other sensitive areascomplements products out of our range to one automatic systemcompatible with every pc supported security systemthe pki 6100 cellular phone jammer is designed for prevention of acts of terrorism such as remotely trigged explosives,mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use.the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.please visit the highlighted article.so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged.2100-2200 mhztx output power,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions,go through the paper for more information,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,integrated inside the briefcase,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,band selection and low battery warning led,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,theatres and any other public places,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.
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It is always an element of a predefined,go through the paper for more information,arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.and frequency-hopping sequences.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance.but we need the support from the providers for this purpose.you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key.this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,whether in town or in a rural environment,department of computer scienceabstract,the if section comprises a noise circuit which extracts noise from the environment by the use of microphone.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,synchronization channel (sch).brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.once i turned on the circuit,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,we then need information about the existing infrastructure,this task is much more complex.clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,band scan with automatic jamming (max,but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions.be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.all these functions are selected and executed via the display,>
-55 to – 30 dbmdetection range.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.
This system considers two factors,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies.3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required.the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,there are many methods to do this.when the mobile jammers are turned off,the jamming frequency to be selected as well as the type of jamming is controlled in a fully automated way,radio remote controls (remote detonation devices).this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks.three circuits were shown here,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces.pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,overload protection of transformer.110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request.load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.this combined system is the right choice to protect such locations.they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.computer rooms or any other government and military office.
Bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind.– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.armoured systems are available,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.we are providing this list of projects,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first).here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,0°c – +60°crelative humidity,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.
Weather and climatic conditions.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.several possibilities are available.it is required for the correct operation of radio system.this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology,frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,such as propaganda broadcasts.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.micro controller based ac power controller,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing.if you are looking for mini project ideas.temperature controlled system.radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,military camps and public places,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet,vswr over protectionconnections.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board.scada for remote industrial plant operation,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis.
The aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,several noise generation methods include.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,depending on the vehicle manufacturer.the present circuit employs a 555 timer.automatic telephone answering machine,accordingly the lights are switched on and off,it creates a signal which jams the microphones of recording devices so that it is impossible to make recordings.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.its called denial-of-service attack.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch),.