Dana Goward, President, Resilient PNT Foundation
The Empire State Building sits atop a massive and solid foundation that hardly anyone ever sees. Above ground it has 2.8 million square feet of offices and hundreds of businesses. It houses 15,000 workers. Yet it would all come crashing down if the underlying and unseen foundation weren’t incredibly strong and dependable.
Timing is the unseen foundation of every networked technology, digital broadcast, financial transaction, electrical grid management and of most navigation systems, just to name a few applications. Yet, as GPS World readers know, signals from our dominant source of timing — GPS — are very faint and easily disrupted.
Short term, localized disruptions happen all the time, and many systems have adapted. A delivery driver using a jammer to hide from his boss is unlikely to disrupt a cell base station as he passes by, for example.
Photo: Georgijevic/E+/Getty Images
But more serious threats are out there. More and more hobbyists are finding ways to spoof receivers. Every few decades the sun flares strongly enough to fry satellites or charge the ionosphere. And because there are so few alternatives, GPS and other GNSS have become huge, tempting targets for adversary nations, terrorists, and sophisticated hackers.
Instead of Manhattan bedrock, our timing foundation is sometimes more like shifting sands.
Systems engineering tells us that, if something is essential, there ought to be two, three or more independent ways of receiving it. Most aircraft, for example, have two or three systems powering the flight controls — because controlled flight is important!
The white paper “A Resilient National Timing Architecture” outlines how the United States can leverage existing infrastructure and provide all citizens two, and many of them three, independent paths to coordinated universal time (UTC).
It proposes a national timing back- bone of mature technologies with very different failure modes — GNSS, eLoran and fiber. This combination will provide rock-solid timing at the 500 ns or better level of accuracy relative to UTC everywhere across the nation, and at 100 ns or better in major metro areas. Users accessing two or more systems would be nearly bulletproof to timing service disruptions.
The National Timing Resilience and Security Act of 2018 mandated a terrestrial system to back up GPS timing. Our white paper provides a path forward.
Complying with the law while benefiting current and future technologies should be sufficient motivation. If it isn’t, we must also realize that not acting on this will continue to place us behind other nations such as the United Kingdom, South Korea, Russia and China — all of whom are actively reinforcing their national timing systems.
The task will not be a simple one. Yet America was able to overcome the expense and difficulties of building GPS, at the time the world’s most refined and complex technology, and put it in space. By comparison, establishing a resilient national timing architecture using existing technology in our homeland would be child’s play.
Timing is essential. It is infrastructure for our infrastructure. If our national timing is weak, so is everything that is built upon it.
We will profit from ensuring our timing is as strong, resilient, and easily accessed as possible.
And we will suffer if it is neglected.
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Load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,several noise generation methods include,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx.overload protection of transformer,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them,accordingly the lights are switched on and off.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,mobile jammer can be used in practically any location,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.frequency band with 40 watts max.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key.
High voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,completely autarkic and mobile,this project shows a temperature-controlled system.with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters.50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,dtmf controlled home automation system,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,the present circuit employs a 555 timer.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,.
2021/03/10
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