Photo: Trimble
Antenna development, going all the way back to the first antennas, has been one of continuous innovation,” Richard Langley wrote in our September issue. Even after more than 30 years of GNSS technology development, he pointed out, GNSS antenna development continues.
His statement is borne out by the responses submitted by manufacturers of GNSS antennas to four questions we posed to them:
What specific challenges are your antennas designed to address?
Over the past three years and the next three years, what have been/will be your key innovations?
How are advances in real-time kinematic (RTK) and precise point positioning (PPP) changing requirements for GNSS antennas?
What technical challenges or industry trends do you find most interesting or noteworthy?
The responses display a wide range of antenna designs for a wide range of applications. They show how manufacturers must constantly balance requirements for positioning accuracy, form factor, interference management and cost. For the GNSS user segment, antennas are the first link in the processing chain and the first line of defense against jamming, spoofing, multipath and, increasingly, adjacent band interference. Antenna designers are also challenged by the growing adoption and sophistication of RTK, PPP and similar technologies. All these variables, challenges and scenarios are reasons for the constant evolution of GNSS antennas.
Finally, it is not always obvious whether a device should be classified as a receiver or an antenna. For example, what Harxon calls a “smart antenna” others might call a receiver.
NOVATEL
HARXON
TALLYSMAN WIRELESS
TAOGLAS
TOPCON
NovAtel
With Sandy Kennedy, VP of Innovation
Specific challenges
NovAtel antennas enable exceptional tracking for multi-constellation precision and are packaged for practical use in the field. Our antennas are designed to be the first link in the processing chain to deliver centimeter-level precision in harsh operating environments and applications, including contested or crowded RF environments through our CRPA antennas.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, we have focused on multi-frequency support and simultaneous L-band reception (seen in the NovAtel GNSS-850) to provide exceptional positioning solutions and support future technology like RTK From the Sky. Optimized to work with OEM7 receivers, NovAtel antennas leverage patented multi-point feeding networks to providΩe symmetric radiation patterns across all frequencies for excellent multipath rejection and minimal phase-center variation and offset. In the next three years, we expect to further reduce the size of antennas needed in a resilient high-precision solution. At the same time, we are continuing to improve robustness to adjacent band interference. We work to optimize the full GNSS ecosystem, from the signal in space reaching the antenna, to the final position, velocity and time (PVT) solution exiting the receiver.
Anechoic chamber testing. (Photo: NovAtel)
Advances in RTK and PPP
Advances in corrections expose measurements from low-quality antennas. You need an antenna with sub-millimeter phase-center variation (PCV) accuracy and stability on par with the algorithms delivering centimeter-level solutions. When the processing chain eliminates errors down to the centimeter level (or less), you must avoid adding errors from unstable phase centers, for example.
Technical challenges and industry trends
A difficult challenge facing the antenna industry is the commercial demand to reduce the size and weight of antennas while maintaining functionality and performance. The industry will need to continue balancing between size and performance while producing innovative GNSS antenna solutions integrated with other technologies, for example with anti-jam capabilities.
Harxon
With Leo Wang, Product Technical Director
Specific challenges
The design of Harxon’s GNSS antennas aims to achieve a perfect balance between easy integration with RTK solutions and the ultimate product performance by meticulously dealing with wideband, positioning accuracy, form factor, and interference management.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, our signature antenna innovation is our 4-in-1 X-Survey HX-CSX100A multifunctional GNSS antenna, which integrates a GNSS antenna, 4G, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi in one compact enclosure. This multifunctional antenna simplifies receiver integration into an RTK solution and facilitates industry development. In the next three years, Harxon looks forward to more breakthroughs in positioning technology and delivering pragmatic innovations.
Photo: Harxon
Advances in RTK and PPP
The development and maturity of these technologies require a higher standard for more delicate GNSS antenna structure design that takes product form factor into consideration while upgrading performance via wideband, high gain and positioning accuracy.
Technical challenges and industry trends
The 5G era has arrived, and the application of 5G technology for the internet of things (IoT) is extensive. China has also proposed the integration of 5G technology and BeiDou. We believe that, in the next few decades, GNSS positioning and 5G technology will be widely applied in the IoT industry and create huge benefits.
Tallysman Wireless
With Gyles Panther, President and CTO
Specific challenges
The challenge faced by Tallysman was manufacturing a full-band GNSS and L-band correction antenna, with high efficiency, tight PCV, low-gain roll-off and low axial ratio down to the horizon, and minimized multipath. Plus, a narrowly filtered low noise amplifier (LNA) to mitigate interference, all in the smallest possible package.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, Tallysman has released the VeraChoke, helical and VeroStar lines. The VeraChoke serves the geodetic and survey reference station markets with PCV and full-band GNSS coverage.
Our helical GNSS and Iridium antennas are lightweight, compact and robust. They provide a precise phase center and radically reduced dependence on a ground plane because of their differential mode of operation. Their exceptional low weight makes them an excellent choice for copter-style UAVs.
Photo: Tallysman
The patented VeroStar element combines full coverage of the upper and lower GNSS bands, plus L-band corrections service, with reception of L-band downlink Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) signals and exceptional low elevation angle reception. It is rugged, compact and lightweight — ideal for land and marine rover applications. It also provides minimal and symmetric PCV with outstanding all-around performance.
Advances in RTK and PPP
Both correction systems require rover receivers to phase-lock on low-amplitude GNSS satellite signal carriers, and both are hugely dependent upon the GNSS antenna. The corrections are critical for precision agriculture and land survey applications. Our precision antennas are specifically designed to minimize phase-lock loop (PLL) cycle slips.
Technical challenges and industry trends
Interference, accidental or intentional, is a major challenge and threat to GNSS, particularly from encroaching L-band 5G cellular systems. Tallysman offers tightly filtered LNAs and single-band omnidirectional anti-jam antennas with a deep null at low elevations. We plan to introduce a new multiband omnidirectional antijam antenna in the second quarter of 2021.
Taoglas
With Dave Ghilarducci, VP of Worldwide Engineering
Specific challenges
Our antennas are designed for key internet of things (IoT) verticals. Our high-precision, multi-band GNSS antennas offer centimeter-level positioning and timing accuracy for applications where small size and high performance are required. We address the industry’s most compact form factors with out-of-band rejection for operation near transmitters.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, we have focused development on a portfolio of GNSS antennas with centimeter-level positioning accuracy in different form factors:
EDGE Locate GNSS with RTK. (Photo: Taoglas)
lighter, more robust antennas through our patent-pending Terrablast-based products (the GGBTP.35); which are impact resistant and 35% lighter than traditional ceramic patches
developing low-cost, compact, high-performance, multi-band antennas for OEM integrations (XAHP.50, AA.200, GPDF5012).
high-rejection internal patch modules for rejection for OEM integrations (AGGBP.SL and AGGBP.SLS series)
surface-mount active patch antennas with embedded active circuitry for easier integration (ASGGB Simplicity series)
off-the-shelf module with an integrated multi-band RTK antenna, electronics and receiver technology for ease of integration.
Over the next three years, we expect to expand our portfolio and support additional bands like E6, L6 and the L-band correction band. Plus, we are working with the European Space Agency to design IoT devices with integrated high-precision RTK and GNSS technologies.
Advances in RTK and PPP
Expansion of RTK, PPP and similar technologies into new domains has demanded better performance from mainline and OEM antennas. These correction technologies stress antenna gain and polarization purity to maximize signal strength. We address these issues in our integrated designs to mitigate multipath errors and maximize ease of integration.
Technical challenges and industry trends
The release of lower-cost multi-band receivers and modules could be the most significant shift the GNSS industry has seen in the last decade. This innovation is already expanding applications and challenging suppliers to provide better performance for size, weight and cost.
Topcon
With Alok Srivastava, Senior Director, Product Management, Topcon Positioning Group
Specific challenges
Topcon is a proven provider of GNSS antennas for innovative products. Our GNSS product portfolio offers antennas with excellent multipath mitigation, near-band interference rejection, and quality signal tracking from zenith to the horizon. We strive to provide affordable solutions for our geodetic, machine control and agricultural customers.
Key innovations
Topcon antenna technology is applied within standalone antennas along with integrated GNSS receivers. Antennas inside our integrated receivers, such as the HiPer HR, are distinctive in supporting Bluetooth and Wi-Fi in a common antenna stack without sacrificing GNSS tracking and positioning performance. These offerings also support compact designs of integrated receivers.
As the number of GNSS constellations expands and new communication methods become available, potential inference from neighboring signals grows with congestion of the RF spectrum. Our standalone antennas, PN-A5 and CR-G5 with cavity filter option, uniquely address these challenges.
Topcon’s PN-A5 semi-hemispherical ground plane GNSS antenna. (Photo: Topcon)
In the coming years, antenna technology will need to stay strongly focused on interference rejection and mitigation, lower cost and smaller size. These demands challenge antenna providers to make technical advancements while investing in cost-sensitive manufacturing along with higher testing standards. In this regard, our new antenna test facility in Concordia sulla Secchia, Italy, will soon be offering robotic calibration services.
Advances in RTK and PPP
With increased demand and services available for PPP, Topcon antennas support both GNSS and L-band frequencies, such as in the HiPer VR/HR receivers, and standalone antennas (PG-F1, G5-A1, PN-A5 and CR-G5). As data communications continue to expand beyond L-band and RTK/network RTK, Topcon systems will support them without compromising positioning performance.
Technical challenges and industry trends
As GNSS antennas are one of the integral items within the GNSS system, the significance of delivering a cost-effective and miniaturized solution that provides robust positioning is critical to meeting needs in ever-growing precise positioning markets and applications. Topcon will continue to emphasize innovative antenna products through our research.
item: Homemade rf jammer | phone jammer homemade eggnog
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homemade rf jammer
Upon activation of the mobile jammer,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service.the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,complete infrastructures (gsm,check your local laws before using such devices,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station.due to the high total output power.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders.mainly for door and gate control.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,for such a case you can use the pki 6660.this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,overload protection of transformer.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance.cell phones are basically handled two way ratios.you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,solutions can also be found for this,the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.are suitable means of camouflaging.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,depending on the already available security systems.
,to duplicate a key with immobilizer,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,whether in town or in a rural environment,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,automatic changeover switch,they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,with its highest output power of 8 watt.radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links.
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This system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.several possibilities are available.embassies or military establishments,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1,temperature controlled system.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,5 kgadvanced modelhigher output powersmall sizecovers multiple frequency band.1 w output powertotal output power.2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,it is always an element of a predefined,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes.this can also be used to indicate the fire.similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase,religious establishments like churches and mosques,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,the data acquired is displayed on the pc.noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational.also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible.automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system,when the mobile jammers are turned off,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,control electrical devices from your android phone,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity.8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged.pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in.
Accordingly the lights are switched on and off.three circuits were shown here.this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,please see the details in this catalogue,with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,this was done with the aid of the multi meter,while most of us grumble and move on.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure.the present circuit employs a 555 timer.dtmf controlled home automation system.preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area,50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way,110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise..